Androstenedione Essay -- essays research papers

Androstenedione-the truth comes out Androstenedione entered the national spotlight in the pass of 1998, when Baseball home run record-holder Mark McGwire told reporters that he ingestiond The improver to improve his performance. Since McGwires admission a Little more than 18 months ago, androstenedione use has extendd 500% According to a recent press release by Barry McCaffrey, director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy.Manufacturers claim that "Andro," as the supple manpowert is commonly known, Boosts the bodys natural testosterone levels and increases ponderosity-building ability. Body-builders tout it as a natural alternative to Anabolic steroids. Nevertheless, questions remain about the efficacy and Safety of this widely ready(prenominal) substance, which is currently unregulated By the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).Androstenedione is a steroid hormone that is part of what is called the Production pathway for testosterone. Testosterone promotes br awn growth, But it withal increases body hair, can cause acne, and enhances growth of The prostate gland. Some believe that higher levels may adversely affect Cholesterol levels and cardiovascular health.Manufacturers claim that Andro boosts testosterone levels, allowing Weightlifters to increase muscle mass without resorting to synthetic Steroid injections. Andro is touted as "natural" because it is normally Made in the adrenal glands and testes. Anabolic steroids are synthetic Derivatives of testosterone not be in the body. In theory, Andro Supplements are converted to natural testosterone in the body.Despite a neglect of persuasive evidence that Andro can actually Boost muscle mass, the supplement has been heavily marketed And is widely used by athletes and body-builders. Despite a lack of persuasive evidence that Andro can actually boost muscle Mass, the supplement has been heavily marketed and is widely used by Athletes and body-builders.Nevertheless, according to a study by Douglas S. King, PhD, and colleagues At Iowa State University, androstenedione does not appear to help build Muscle or increase blood testosterone levels. Published in the June 2, 1999, issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), the Study compared testosterone levels in 20 young men who were on a moderate 8-week muscle-training regimen. Half of the subj... ...tes. Most of the subjects In Kings study were relative newcomers to weight training, and such Inexperienced weight trainers generally make grand gains in the early Phase of resistance training. Those gains could overshadow, statistically, Any potential benefit from androstenedione.As Yesalis notes in his editorial, "Future studies may need to focus on The effects of a higher dose of androstenedione administered over a period Longer than 8 weeks."Dr. Yesalis concludes with a call for government review of the supplement. "In the case of androstenedione," he writes, "the study by King et al Contributes to the evidence suggesting that the government should Carefully consider intervening and remove androstenedione and its Derivatives from the market."Meanwhile, in light of the potential health hazards and lack of evidence For androstenediones muscle-building power, consumers should proceed with Caution and consult a physician before traveling this largely unmarked road.ANDROS-D (Andro) Ingredients Each capsule contains Pure Micronzed Androstenedione - 100mg. Zinc - 15mg. Bioperine - 2.5mg. Suggested role Take 1-2 capsules daily.

The Accomplishments of Cardinal Richelieu :: European Europe History

The Accomplishments of Cardinal RichelieuUp until the mid 17th century, it was evident that France was by no meat a major player in the field of European affairs. Spain was still the most powerful state as it held a dominant monopoly everywhere European commerce and economics. However, by 1648, this power would shift, and France would come into its own in terms of political and economic influence. The transfer of power was aided by a enfeebling of the Spanish Empire, on with the boldness of an increasingly virile french state. This establishment of France would begin to occur prior to the religious wars, and would be spearheaded by a strengthen of the centralized government through the development of royal absolutism. The most significant contributor to this movement was Cardinal Armand du Plessis de Richelieu, political advisor to the king, Louis XIII, and head of the French roman print Catholic Church. The Cardinals capable leadership, ambition and strong will fortified Fra nces move from a second rate country to a European powerhouse. During his harness as first minister, Richelieu would accomplish numerous tasks, and establish himself as a symbol of power and leadership in France. Born in Paris in 1585, Armand du Plessis de Richelieu is considered by many to have been the most important single figure in the building of French absolutism . Despite his role in distinguishing France on the European map, some of the Cardinals greatest personal accomplishments lie before his reign as first minister. To best understand these accomplishments, in particular how a nerve centre be ecclesiast of little influence would become the most successful of the Kings political advisors, it is best to look into his personal background. Probably the Cardinals greatest assets in his rise to the confidential in editionation were his strong ambition and will. These characteristics can be traced back to his father, Francois Richelieu, whose own ambition and military accomp lishment helped gain him the reigning Kings, Henry III, favor. This rise in favor, along with the establishment of important family connections, would allow Francois to tap into royal ecclesiastical patronage . Armand eventually benefited from this by gaining the title of Bishop of Lucon. Unfortunately, before Richelieus father could create any form of fiscal establishment, he died, and left the family in debt. However, the message he left his sons, in particular Armand, was not one of failure, but rather one of what could be courtly when one was willing and ambitious.The Accomplishments of Cardinal Richelieu European Europe HistoryThe Accomplishments of Cardinal RichelieuUp until the mid 17th century, it was evident that France was by no means a major player in the field of European affairs. Spain was still the most powerful state as it held a dominant monopoly over European commerce and economics. However, by 1648, this power would shift, and France would come into its own in terms of political and economic influence. The transfer of power was aided by a weakening of the Spanish Empire, along with the establishment of an increasingly strong French state. This establishment of France would begin to occur prior to the religious wars, and would be spearheaded by a strengthening of the centralized government through the development of royal absolutism. The most significant contributor to this movement was Cardinal Armand du Plessis de Richelieu, political advisor to the king, Louis XIII, and head of the French Roman Catholic Church. The Cardinals capable leadership, ambition and strong will fortified Frances move from a second rate country to a European powerhouse. During his reign as first minister, Richelieu would accomplish numerous tasks, and establish himself as a symbol of power and leadership in France. Born in Paris in 1585, Armand du Plessis de Richelieu is considered by many to have been the most important single figure in the building of French ab solutism . Despite his role in distinguishing France on the European map, some of the Cardinals greatest personal accomplishments lie before his reign as first minister. To best understand these accomplishments, in particular how a middle ranking ecclesiast of little influence would become the most successful of the Kings political advisors, it is best to look into his personal background. Probably the Cardinals greatest assets in his rise to the top were his strong ambition and will. These characteristics can be traced back to his father, Francois Richelieu, whose own ambition and military accomplishment helped gain him the reigning Kings, Henry III, favor. This rise in favor, along with the establishment of important family connections, would allow Francois to tap into royal ecclesiastical patronage . Armand eventually benefited from this by gaining the title of Bishop of Lucon. Unfortunately, before Richelieus father could create any form of financial establishment, he died, and left the family in debt. However, the message he left his sons, in particular Armand, was not one of failure, but rather one of what could be accomplished when one was willing and ambitious.

Teenage Years Are Depressing :: essays research papers

     Teenage years are depressing because they are going through some of the biggest changes in their emotional state. Teens sorb high school and excite to deal with being little in a school again. They go through major hormonal changes. Their bodies develop and grow. They have to decide whether or not they are going to college or not. If they choose college, then what college leave behind meet their needs the best? Will they even be accepted to the college they want to go to? These are major decisions and changes they have never experienced before. Then there is the daily life.      They wake up in the break of the daytime dreading school, they know they have to go. They just dont want to go. Then they get ready and go to school. They are depressed about school. They go to all their classes. The end of the day is nearing and they may be depressed about having to go home. Their family life might be bad. They go home and what do you do? S it down, watch television, tactics a video game, lock themselves in their room, or just going around being mad at everyone and their life. This really is the pits. They need to change their life whether it be changing their after school activity or changing their attitude. Depression is defined as a psychoneurotic or psychotic illness mark especially by sadness, inactivity, difficulty in thinking and concentration, a significant increase or decrease in appetite and time dog-tired sleeping, feelings of dejection and hopelessness, and sometimes suicidal tendencies. No two people feel or experience depression the same way. The symptoms and causes of depression are very opposite for everyone. Lawrence Clayton, Ph.D. and Sharon Carter write, "The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) reported that for 4 to 10 percent of the American public at any given time the "downer" pique doesnt lift." They also reported that one quarter of the population would experience a major depressive period during their lifetime (8). One out of four people will have a problem with depression in the United States. NIMH also reported that "approximately 4 out of a 100 teenagers get disadvantageously depressed each year. Clinical Depression is a serious illness that can affect anybody, INCLUDING TEENAGERS" ("Lets Talk" 1). Gerald D. Oster, Ph.D., Sarah S. Montgomery, MSW, write, "Clinical depression refers to a condition marked by the changes in ones mood and by associated behaviors that range from a mild degree of sadness to intensely experienced feelings of hopelessness and suicidal thoughts" (43).

Health Issues of Indigenous Australians Essay -- Sociology

As health professionals, we must look beyond individual attributes of autochthonous Australians to gain a greater understanding and a possible explanation of why there are such high rates of ill health issues such as alcoholism, depression, abuse, shorter life expectancy and higher prevalence of diseases including diabetes, heart disease and obesity in our indigenous population. Looking at just the individual aspects and the biomedical health model, we dont get the context of pristine health. This is why we need to explore in further detail what events could have created such inequities in Aboriginal health. Other details that we should consider are the historical and cultural factors such as, terra nullius, dispossession and social Darwinism, early attempts of genocide towards Indigenous Australians, segregation and the protection legislation, the preoccupancy policy, self-determination and the emergence of Indigenous protest (Psychology and Indigenous Australians, Foundations o f Cultural Competence, 2009, pp.84) as well as the limiting factors of being part of a low socioeconomic status group and statistical health differences between Indigenous Australians and non-Indigenous Australians compared to other countries Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations. By encompassing all of these details, we can begin to establish why Aboriginals tend to have more health issues and what can be done to improve these health inequities. When the English settlers arrived on Australian shores in 1776 (The Story of the Australian People, 2010), they didnt see anything that represented that the land was owned, so they claimed it as their own under terra nullius in 1776. In International Law terra nullius describes soil that n... ...=33Australian Museum. (2011). Indigenous Australia Timeline - 1901 to 1969. Retrieved May 5, 2012, from http//australianmuseum.net.au/Indigenous-Australia-Timeline-1901-to-1969Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and C ommunities. (2008). Wave Hill Walk-Off Route more information. Retrieved May 6, 2012, from http//www.environment.gov.au/heritage/places/national/wave-hill/information.html Australia Bureau of Statistics. (2010). large HEALTH RISK FACTORS AND SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS. Retrieved May 6, 2012, from http//www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs.nsf/lookup/4704.0Chapter750Oct+2010Australia Bureau of Statistics. . (2010). ACCESS TO HEALTH AND COMMUNITY SERVICES ACCESS TO HEALTH SERVICES. Retrieved May 6, 2012, from http//www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs.nsf/lookup/4704.0Chapter955Oct+2010Indigenous Health Lecture, Slide 8.

Leda Atomica :: essays research papers

Leda Atomica (24 x 18"- oil on canvas), is a painting by Salvador Dali (1904-1989) who was the top Surrealists of this time. Surrealism explored the subconscious, the dream world, and irrational elements of the psyche in the unfluctuating belief that the discoveries to be made from such exploration would be of greater fundamental importance to the human condition than any other form of hearty analysis. Surrealists like Salvador Dali was very fascinated by the ephemeral state of the sound judgment between sleep and consciousness, dream and reality, sanity and insanity, as one in which the mind functioned purely, unfettered by the constraints of logic and social behavior. (1 - Surrealism)Salvador Dali was born in May 11 of 1904 in Figures Spain, and in 1921 he entered the San Fernando Academy of Fine humanities in Madrid where he made friends with Federico Garcia Lorca, Luis Bunuel, and Eugenio Montes. In June of 1923 Dali was suspended from the Academy for having indicated th e students to rebel against the authorities of the school but was let back in October of 1925, and a year later Dali was permanently expelled. Then in 1924 he was imprisoned in Figures and Gerona for political reasons. The influence of metaphysical paintings and contact with Miro, caused Dali to join the Surrealists in 1929. (8 - Biographical Outline) Dali held numerous one-man shows during his career and did many art forms from paintings to sculpture and even movies. He directed and was a part of many images including the first surrealist film "Un Chiea A Dalou A Andalusian Dog", with the director Luis Bunuel. In 1945 he designed the memorable surrealistic dream sequence for Hitchcocks Spellbound, and filmed Don Juan Tenorio, in 1951. By reading psychological case histories, Dali hoped to represent neuroses in an ultra-realistic style so as to objectify the irrational with photographic accuracy. A lot of his artistry has some kind of connection to other artwork of his, li ke the melting clock, his symbol of death, and most of all is Dalis anamorphic self portrait mask that appears in allot of his paintings. The shape of the face, usually presented resting on its nose, is strongly reminiscent of one of the rock formation of the coastline near Dalis home. Leda Atomica is some what connected to The Madonna of Port Lligat, as if Dali is showing a symbolic story of his relationship with Gala, (Gala- is his lover/wife).

Fedex Case Analysis :: GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

Fedex Case AnalysisFederal Express is the worlds largest package delivery company today. They have been successful principally because of their technological advancements. Technology has allowed them to have superior customer service and quality that was unparalleled by any company. No company was able to offer everywherenight delivery of packages with the speed and precision that Federal Express did. Although Federal Express remains ahead of its disceptation today, their advantages over other firms in the industry ar slowly diminishing. FedExs modeling capability gave them a competitive advantage as they implemented new methods and technology. They currently have a SuperHub with several regional hubs and packages are managed and tracked by a system called COSMOS. This system allowed customers to know where their packages were at all times and was later integrated for web use, allowing customers to track packages over the Internet. Today, UPS also allows customers to track p ackages over the Internet and has improved customer service. I would assume that they have developed a mainframe similar to that of FedEx to decrease FedExs competitive advantage. The United States Postal Service, which has lower rates, has also increased their customer service and quality. FedEx must find new technological advancements to stay ahead of the competition in the package delivery industry.However, expanding into different businesses seems to be one of the strategic directions of the company. This direction is driven by increased competition in their current industry. modernistic businesses, such as logistics, will have wider margins for FedEx and help them to increase revenues and profits. Also, FedEx should continue to expand and invest in the international market because it is growing at a rate faster than that of the domestic market. FedEx spends a lot of money on improving their technology, which has proven to be successful in the past, but their key to success tod ay is expanding into new businesses and the international market.FedExs financial statements shows that its assets have not been utilized as well as other firms in their industry, but their positivity is better than other industry firms. Still they must decrease selling and administrative expenses while increasing sales.

HIV/AIDS in the Workplace

human immunodeficiency virus1 is the virus that causes AIDS2, an epidemic that is killing works adults in their prime age with no cure in sight. In fact, AIDS has become the second leading killer of adults in the United States today.The Center for Disease Control and barroom states that approximately fifty percent of masses infected with AIDS today are between the ages of 25 and 44 and are menstruumly employed. In Per capital of Texas/Travis County Health and kind-hearted Service Department, there were 4,239 documented cases of HIV/AIDS in 2005, and many were in the workforce.AIDS is sweeping across the nation and taking giving from the nations work pool at an alarming rate. Many employees and employers are unaware of the increasing issuings of their peers that are plagued by this disease because of the need of education in the workplace. The effects of insufficient education are and will be costly for all employers in the future years.The stigma surrounding HIV/AIDS yields dissimilitude in the work environment. Idle gossip and exclusion are the most prevalent forms of discrimination and often leave those that are infected feeling ostracized from their peers (Dunlap, bloody shame C, 35).Other forms of discrimination include, firing, unsupported transfers, and lost promotions. Employees that are subject to these discriminations based on their illness can suffer from a myriad of problems including, low self esteem, hopelessness, and shame.The lack of education in the workplace encourages employees and employers to continue discrimination. Because people bring their bias and prejudices into the workplace, it has become the job and responsibility of the employers human resources team to get its employees on the topic of HIV and AIDS.Media hype also feeds the beast of discrimination by stereotyping people who are infected by HIV/AIDS and by providing anomalous information about how the disease is transmitted from person to person.Although information in the last cardinal decades has come a long way to educate the public, the population is still dumb to many facts about the virus and how it affects them in their daily lives when they come in contact with a person who is infected.The media in the last two decades is redeeming itself by providing truthful information about this disease. There are many forms of materials from pamphlets, websites, newspaper articles, and public announcements that are now available to business to educate on the epidemic.These materials squash the myths that HIV/AIDS can be contracted through drinking fountains, toilet seats, and shaking hands. Those employees that do not have introduction to this type of information, however, still believe the myths and are still discriminatory against infected peers.Discrimination against employees that are infected cost employers bills due to work disruption, low productivity, and potence legal problems. Employers need to recognize that there are talented, motivate d people living with HIV/AIDS who can bring valuable expertise to the workplace-and that current valued employees may contract HIV/AIDS.(Franzoi, 5)By not recognizing this, employers are setting themselves up for a potentially huge loss. Employers need to consider the big painting and what this catastrophic illness and the discrimination that comes along with it can mean for their business because thus far, lawsuits arising from HIV/AIDS is more than any other disease in the history of the nation.They need to consider insurance and health care cost, job accommodations, disability requirements, and confidentially and privacy laws to name a few. These effects could cost employers money in the long run.There are many laws that now protect employees who are infected with HIV and AIDS, but little is known about these laws and how they affect the working community of those who are infected.The Americans with Disabilities Act prohibits employment discrimination on the basis of disability. The Family Medical Leave Act allows for protected, unpaid leave from employment for persons with serious illnesses, including HIV/AIDS for up to twelve weeks in a twelve month period and the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) protects against discriminatory treatments.Despite the increasing number of laws set up for persons who are infected, education is still needed to reduce legal problems and management errors.73% of working Americans surveyed feel that their employers should offer a testicle workplace AIDS education initiative. (Employee) Also, 75% of American adults view their employer as the most reliable source for unbiased, trustworthy HIV education. (Brown, 2).The desire for education has been lenient by the working public, so why do employers continue to make policies about HIV and AIDS in the workplace but not dumbfound the initiative to develop a formal training program?The Teacher Retirement Systems of Texas has a policy in place mandated by the state of Texas called Human Immunodeficiency Virus Services Act (1989).The policy brings awareness that discrimination against people infected with HIV and AIDS will not be tolerated, and the laws that protect them. This policy is disclosed at the time of hire, but is not reviewed and a mass email is sent yearly to current employees.When it comes to formal policy most people do not take the time to review the information on their own therefore, employees are still ignorant to the facts surrounding HIV and AIDS in the workplace.

Conversation Analysis and the X Factor

Part 1 I induce selected an interview with X-Factor judge Kelly Rowland, in which she finds out t chapeau contestant Frankie Cocozza has been kicked off of the show. Transcription methods vary depending on what the analyst chooses to investigate. In this particular case, as I was interested in, not only how the speakers perform social activities by means of language (Seedhouse, 2008), but similarly the contribution of their non-verbal actions, I chose Conversation Analysis (CA). However, one must point out that, although CA emphasises empirical, data-led question to guard against building speculative theories, (Hewings, 2008, p. 4), it is futile to suppose one single, irresponsible version of the original event exists (Graddol, 1994). Furthermore, not all features of spoken interaction sens be captured, nor can specific motives be attributed to a certain non-verbal action. 01Reporter of career we are absolutely huge fans of you on thex factor 02Kelly thank you 03Reporter(lovi ng watching you 04Kelly thank you 05Reporter um (. ) but b. but (. ) w. were sho(cked to hear today ((fiddles with hair)) that Frankies (. ) gone (. ) what can you tell ? us ? w. hat do you make of that 06Kelly(0. 2) what(= 07PA= I dont we dont weve been lo(cked in a room all day 08Reporter oh really( hah hah (. ) oh gosh yea( th. they released a statement saying that he um (. ) that hes decided to leave 09PA(. ) oh I dont do it I think well have to ( ) 10Reporter oh Im sorry I ( ) 11Kelly ((holds up hand as if to snap)) yeah cos that would be quite the face to have from that oh my perfection 12Reporter Im so sorry I didnt realise it like broke all over twitter (. and I um we got a ? statement ? most it 13PA((Kelly looks at her PA)) (0. 2) I dont know well have to cos (Ellens not ( present from (. ) talk tooshie we havent wed need to get that verified 14Kelly ye ah Im sorry 15PA ( ) music interview today 16Reporter like no no Im sorry I didnt mean to= 17PA = salutary hahhah 18Re porterI I didnt mean to like 19PA ( ) 20ReporterYeah sorry I didnt mean to like um I didnt realise that you (. ) didnt know 21Kelly ((she sighs loudly)) (0. 3) (poor guy( 380 words Part 2Conversation Analysis is based on the idea that what is said draws a vast amount of signification from what is left unsaid (Maybin, 2007). Seemingly incoherent chats are actually organised in an high societyly fashion, centred around the cooperation of participants (Hewings, 2008). The excerpt I have chosen is particularly interesting as, although it stems from a potentially scripted situation, due to Kellys misinformation, the entire converse immediately removes to unscripted. The conversation begins with informal small talk, known as phatic communion (Malinowski, 1923. Its primary purpose is not its content, but quite a to bind the reporter and Kelly together before acquiring down to business. The reporters opening comment of being an absolutely huge fan of hers on the X-Factor establish es an interactional framework for the encounter. As the interviewer, she is expected to lead the conversation, yet her unceasing opening compliments loving watching you- show that she is aware of Kellys higher status and, thus, is paying far more attention to face needs (Levinson, 1987). vista is a term coined by sociologist Goffman (1967) for peoples public self-image.Here, the reporter, keen to obtain a successful interview, uses compliments to focus on positive face needs, fitting with Holmes (1994) research that women are more likely to give compliments as a way of gaining popularity through egalitarian norms. Although turn-taking may be taken for granted, it is actually managed through a complex range of linguistic and social signals. In the transcript, we can follow up that normally one person talks at a time, and both instances of overlap are quickly repaired (lines 15-16).Early conversation analyst, Sacks (1974), suggests this is due to peoples shared cultural knowledg e of the kind of script used in certain speech events. Therefore, turns can be roughly predicted. Furthermore, this intuitive knowledge is based on adjacency pairs, where particular utterances and responses tend to occur together e. g. , lines 1-4, where each compliment is answered with thank you. Through this dialogic comprehension, turns can easily be allocated. In addition to adjacency pairs, Sacks noticed that speakers unconsciously respond at the end of a grammatical unit, rather than in the middle.In lines 5-7, we see clear examples of transition relevance places (TRP), where the reporter pauses for a response, allowing both other interlocutors to speak. Sometimes, one can slightly overlap the previous speaker or turn back in before a TRP (e. g. , lines 9-10), which is classed as an interruption. The concept of maintaining face is a constant reference point throughout the interaction, especially when the journalist discovers that Kelly does not know that Frankie has left t he competition.Determined to both satisfy Kellys face needs, as closely as to protect her own, the journalist begins apologising profusely (lines 10-20), in addition to hedging expressions (line 18) to avoid a face-threatening act, personifying the British negative politeness culture (Brown, 1987). Line 12 even shows an example of typical political rhetoric whereby the journalist immediately changes her usage of the pronoun I to we in parade to give collective responsibility (Beard, 2008) for the word on Frankies departure. This signal of inclusiveness is another invention used to save face and en genuine that conversation continues running smoothly.It is interesting, however, that, verso to the belief that a person will use I when wanting credit for an idea, the journalist still uses we (line 5). Given that we can have various potential meanings, here it would appear to be a mechanism to emphasise with the British public we, as a whole, are shocked at the password. Even so, w hen apologising, the journalist shifts back to the first person singular, almost as if she feels she has the sole responsibility to maintain face, both for personal and professional motives.Spoken conversation is filled with inexplicit references that are still by a considerable amount of shared knowledge between speakers. In line 13, when replying to the journalist, the PA announces that Ellen is not here we can assume that the journalist knows who Ellen is but, just to make sure, the PA adds from Talkback (X-Factors Production Company). As substantially as justifying why they cannot answer the question, this response also subtly signals solidarity by communicating sneakily that there are no hard feelings between them.As Levinsons (1987) study shows, people are remarkably adept at interpreting these inexplicit nuances and, thus, it should serve to contrive the journalist more at ease. These references are closely linked to elliptical structures, such as in line 3 where, althoug h the clause lacks some words, its meaning is inferable from its context. These half-finished sentences are a key part of everyday interactions, yet would seem highly inappropriate in written English. As all speakers are women in this transcript, it is easy to identify their specific style features.According to Lakoff (1975), women are more cooperative and work harder to make conversations run smoother. This aspect is clearly detectable throughout the extend by both the journalists repeated apologies and Kelly and her PAs attempts to casually move away from the issue. This non-confrontational collaborative speech style also centres around an interest in peoples feelings (Goodwin, 1990). However, as inappropriate to Lakoffs suggestion that women use more tag questions and weaker vocabulary, we see no examples of this in the conversation.One reason may be that the women have no reason to show deference, as there are no men involved and, thus, they do not have to conform to the belie f that they occupy a less powerful government agency in society. One predominant metaphor comes in line 7 of the text when the PA states that they have been locked in a room all day. This device both emphasises that they truly have no idea about the news, as well as serving as a pointer to guide the conversation into a different direction. In response to this metaphor, we see continual repetition from the journalist (in particular, yeah and sorry).Although repetition is typically used to persuade, here it performs the two-fold function of consciously expressing the journalists nervousness as well as unconsciously signalling how the other speakers should respond. The repetition of sorry is used to indicate the journalists desire to not compel upon them and avoid any act that may threaten face. In terms of prosody, the use of intonational shift is very significant, as it highlights particular key words, as well as prompting the other speakers when to reply (Atkinson, 1984).In line 6, Kellys voice rises up on What? to express disbelief and concern at the information that she has been given. Similarly, we see a fall in intonation on the last remark Poor guy, which signals completion as well as sadness. Likewise, the lengthy stress on yeah (line 14) shows acknowledgement of the PAs utterance and provides a sense of cooperation with her. A related concept is the function of softly spoken words. In line 5, us is murmured softly in order to place the journalist on the same level as the interviewee.Despite the typical image of a journalist, this lady wants to show that she is truly interested in how Kelly feels about Frankies departure on a personal level. In line 12, statement is pronounced quietly to perhaps soften the blow of the news. As a statement is something official, it highlights the fact that the news is real, and not just a rumour. Therefore, in order to save face, the journalist tactfully pronounces the word. This conversation extract is filled with va rious meaningful pauses. A chance of these pauses occur within a syntactic unit before an important content word (e. g. line 20) to subtly inform the speaker that they are not finished yet. However, there are also prolonged pauses, such as in line 21 in this case, Kelly is genuinely shocked at the news and needs to carefully plan her answer before speaking. For celebrities, this is even more important, as anything they do say can be subject to scrutiny. The journalists utterances are also classified by filled pauses, such as um and hahhah this shows hesitancy on her part and a caution to ensure that she does not make the situation anymore awkward than it already is. This also explains the reasons for her continual cluttered speech (e. . , line 5) on breaking the news, she cannot predict Kellys reaction, and so she nervously brings up the topic, not sure of the best approach, eluding the usual self-assured journalistic persona. Finally, when looking at body language, it appears that it communicates a lot non-verbally. Firstly, in line 5, the reporter fiddles with her hair as she relates the announcement. Although we cannot claim 100% what this means, it is highly likely that this is a comforting action in a tense situation. In line 11, Kellys raising of the hand signals that she wishes to stop and does not want her reaction recorded.Line 13 similarly expresses uncertainty on Kellys part when she looks at her PA for reassurance before speaking. Finally, in line 21, the prolonged sigh emphasises with Frankies grief. Overall, this particular extract fascinated me, as it shows how scripted conversation can quickly turn unscripted when typical conventions break down. Non-fluency features are common and transparent there are excessive hesitations, stuttering and repetition by the journalist and spontaneous turn-taking procedures seen by the interruptions and overlaps of Kelly and her PA (Edwards, 2007).Furthermore, irregular supra segmental features are presen t, as well as fillers and echoes. Syntax is irregular, with convoluted utterances and incomplete sections as well as mid-sentence pauses. In my opinion, Conversation Analysis was the best method to transcribe this conversation as, without it, it would have been impossible to convey the specific emotions of each interlocutor as well as their non-verbal communication. Also, I felt that the false starts and fillers were incredibly relevant to the spontaneity of the extract, and provided an brain wave into each speakers thought process.I specifically chose to omit gaze in my transcript as CA has been criticised for over-analysing simple gestures e. g. , blinking could merely be something in the eye, rather than lying. Using this transcription method, I have been able to analyse both ideational and interpersonal meaning (Halliday, 1978) and how it specifically relates to my chosen example. 1706 words (2086 words in total) References Atkinson, J. M. (1984) Our Masters Voices The lingui stic communication and Body Language of Politics, London, Methuen Beard, A. 2007) Using English to persuade in Maybin, J. , Mercer, N. , and Hewings, A. (eds) Using English, London, Routledge/The Open University, pp. 43-81 Brown, P. and Levinson, S. (1987) Politeness Some Universals in Language Usage, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press Crystal, D. (1985) Things to remember when transcribing speech, small fry Language Teaching and Therapy, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 235-239 Edwards, V. (2007) U211 Exploring the English Language, DVD 1 Language Play in English, Block B, Unit 11, Section 5, Milton Keynes, The Open UniversityGoffman, E. (1967) Interactional Ritual, Harmondsworth, Penguin Goodwin, M. H. (1990) tactical use of stories participation frameworks within girls and boys disputes, Discourse Processes, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 33-71 Graddol, D. , Cheshire, J. , and Swann, J. (1994) Describing Language (2nd edn), Buckingham, Open University Press Halliday, M. A. K. (1978) Language as Socia l Semiotic The Social Interpretation of Language and Meaning, London, Edward Arnold Hewings, A. 2008) U211 Exploring the English Language, Conversation Analysis, Resource and Reference Materials, Unit 9, Section 1, Milton Keynes, The Open University Holmes, J. (2001) Introduction to Sociolinguistics (2nd edn), London, Longman Lakoff, R. (1975) Language and Womens Place, New York, Harper & Row Malinowski, B. (1923) The problem of meaning in primitive languages in Ogden, C. K. and Richards, I. M. (eds) The Meaning of Meaning, London, Routledge &Kegan Paul Maybin, J. (2007) Everyday talk in Maybin, J. , Mercer, N. , and Hewings, A. eds) Using English, London, Routledge/The Open University, pp. 5-41 Percival, A. (2011) What? The moment Kelly finds out Frankie has been axed online London http//celebrity. aol. co. uk/2011/11/08/kelly-rowland-frankie-cocozza/ (Accessed 29th Nov 2011) Sacks, H. , Schegloff, E. and Jefferson, G. (1974) A simplest systematics for the administration of turn-t aking in conversation, Language, Vol. 50, No. 4, pp. 696-735 Seedhouse, P. (2008) U211 Exploring the English Language, DVD 1 Everyday Talk, Block B, Unit 9, Section 1, Milton Keynes, The Open UniversityVaid, V. (2011) 4 rules of Verbatim Transcription online Gurgaon http//www. indianscribes. com/4-rules-of-verbatim-transcription/ (Accessed 2nd declivity 2011) Key to transcription methods used in this excerpt (. )Short untimed pause (0. 6)Timed interval Overlapping utterances or actions ( )Transcription doubtful (Marked rising shift in pitch (Marked falling shift in pitch Extension of sound or syllable .Stopping falling tone ? ? Talk that is quieter than surrounding talk

Austin V. Berryman United States Supreme Court of Appeal Essay

Citation capital of Texas V. Berryman United States Supreme Court of Appeal, Fourth Circuit, 1989. Facts Barbra capital of Texas is challenging the Virginia Employment Commission for unemployment compensation benefits, which she chose to quit her job out of spiritual beliefs to fallow her spouse. Issue She is claimed to be denied of her unemployment compensation benefits because she quilted due to her religious belief and distance from her new home to her workplace. Decision The decision was that Austin was denied of her unemployment compensation benefits not because of her religion or how distant she lived from her workplace. Reason Austins religious belief does not require her to be kept her away from work but what really is the matter is that the distances from home to work. In the state of Virginia, its laws say that moving 150 miles away from work does not prove that she cannot work at that distance but she quitted with that reason.Questions on the Case Analysis1. The plainti ff was Barbra Austin and the defendant was the Virginia Employment Commission. 2. Mainly because Austin home was too far away from her work place but she also stated that it was her religious beliefs to question with her spouses if they move. 3. She was refused of her unemployment benefits because this was nothing to do with her religion but rather her publication with the traveling distance from home to work, which can be solved easily. 4. No, since this has no known issue that deals with religion, the state did not violate her rights. 5. The courts conclusion was that it was her responsibility to manage the possible way to get to her workplace to from home regardless how far in the state of Virginia.

London 2012: Did the Olympics benefit all, or leave a legacy of widening social inequality?

The Olympic Games scram become a much sort later event by cities around the world. It is seen as an prospect for the city non provided to enhance and broaden its profile, but appearingcase its potential as an hypnotic place for investment (Hiller, 2006, p.318). This essay will explore the sociological blow that the Olympics have had on the city of uppercaseital of the United Kingdom and its occupants. It will be argued that while at that place ar numerous positive sententious term effects that come with troopsing the Olympics, not only are the positive long term effects few and far between, but there is a number of negative effects impacting those belonging to the lower socio-stinting group.By examining what has occurred in capital of the United Kingdom and comparing this particular Olympics to some historical cities that have played host (Barcelona, Sydney, A thuss etc), this essay will show that while stimulating scotch growth, contributing to the short term happine ss of the inhabitants and more recently, promoting environmental sustainability, the Olympics gener anyy bring few benefits for companionablely excluded groups. Firstly, by looking at the history of the five London boroughs to be transformed by the Olympics, we will examine whether class theory is nonetheless a relevant issue for London and if Marx and Webbers ideas are still applicable.The argument will then be divided into economic, social, cultural and political spheres, with each being discussed in terms how they were affected by hosting the Olympics in London. The Olympics may be of only short duration however its impact and meaning may exist far beyond the event itself for the host city (Hiller, 2000, p.440). The most visible of these impacts connects to the infrastructural improvements. All host cities carry out extensive regeneration of urban areas and in London most of this clean up and reorientation of city spaces occurred in thefive vitamin E London Olympic host bor oughs of Newham, Tower Hamlets, Hackney, Waltham Forest and Greenwich. (LERI, 2007, p. 5).Traditionally, East London has been the heart of manufacturing and industrial work it has been home to Londons working classes and has remained comparatively paltry compared to the rest of the city. In the last decade improvements in infrastructure and the regeneration of Londons docklands has seen the boroughs become socially polarised with small pockets of relative fertility surrounded by the still high concentration of relative poverty. The present day London is vastly different to Marxs 19th century version, just the re-emergence of class as a defining factor has seen a new generation of those once a get hold of being influenced by his writing and evolutionary vision.Marx believed that class is best unders similarlyd in terms of economic factors his theoretical warning is of a two class structure of owners and non-owners (Habibis & Walter, 2009, p. 18). Todays London is not that differe nt, austerity measures and rising un barter have deepened the gulf dividing the haves and the have nots. In the New York Times, an article by Katrin Bennhold (2012, April 26) states More than a third of British land is still in aristocratic hands, according to a 2010 ownership survey by Country Life magazine.In the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition cabinet, 15 of the 23 ministers went to Oxford or Cambridge. With this in mind, Webbers multidimensional model of inequality and his argument that it is power rather than class that ultimately determines the distribution of resources in society (Habibis & Walter, 2009, p.19) can be apply to explain how London is currently being governed. Webber placed much emphasis on the market and in doing so was able to account for the importance of non-material resources, much(prenominal) as education and skills. Most of those living in the East London in the ace up to the Olympics were young, lacking a proper education or skill base and ther efore had little or no relationship to the market, and so, no power.Like Webber, Bourdieu also believed that non-economic factors were primary(prenominal) as sources of social power (Habibas & Walter, 2009, p. 50). He would have made much of the fact that, of Londons elite and those who currently hold power, most attended the same prestigious private schools, therefore creating social and cultural capital to use as a resource that few in the eastern boroughs could even dream of. In the lead up to the London 2012 Olympics the world was confronted with what has become known now as theGlobal Financial Crisis (GFC). This economic depression led to an increase in unemployment and poverty throughout the world, oddly in the case of those already belonging to socially excluded groups.Social exclusion relates not only to economic disadvantage but includes the exclusion of people or groups from liaison in mainstream social and economic life (Habibis and Walter 2009, p.78). The impact of th e GFC was reported as leaving a whole generation of young people with opportunities that dont live up to their aspirations, to the point where they may abandon hope for the future at all. The crisis means they almost invariably face fewer and less advantageously paid entry-level jobs at ein truth level, from graduate openings to factory work (Apps, 2011).This unrest led to the London riots only 12 months originally the city was to host the Olympics. Londons Olympic bid was promoted as being aimed directly at developing an extensive renewal process to address the social and economic problems go rough by those living in the eastern boroughs (LERI, 2007, p. 5). In economic terms, the infrastructural developments and large building projects are important because of their ability to attract investment and increase employment opportunities. For London, the games related construction activity is estimated to support a 13.5 billion contribution to the UK GDP and the equivalent of 267, 0 00 years of employment in the UK economy between 2005 and 2017 (Oxford Economics, 2012, p.2).However, interior(a) figures from December 2012 show a decline of 25 000 construction jobs during the year (Moulds, 2012). In the lead up to the Athens Olympics in 2004, employment went up by 7%, however once the games were over Greek industry lost 70 000 jobs, mainly in construction (LERI, 2007, p.55). The economic benefits from the flagship developments and major projects are sibyllic to filter down to all groups over time, yet for socially excluded groups, there are often no benefits. Instead, the impacts are often negative, with house prices rising and the toll of living increase. Those who benefit are the existing asset holders and affluent middle class (Ryan-Collins & Jackson, 2008, p.4). The social and cultural impacts of hosting the Olympics have in the past been more about the feel good aspects of the games (Smith, 2009, p.117), than any particular form of social sustainability.P ast Olympic host cities, particularly Atlanta, Athens and Sydney, have attempted to use the games as an opportunity for long-term social legacies. However research suggests thatSydney was the only city where a legacy for a socially excluded group (the Homelessness Protocol) was lasting (Minnaert, 2011, p.370). For East London, three important assortments have taken place since the Olympics. Firstly, tran dramatic play services to the area, especially Stratford have been dramatically improved. Secondly, in order to compete with the huge new Westfield shopping centre, the local anesthetic Stratford shopping centre was given a makeover, yet is still providing cheap, affordable goods for low income families.And finally, local schools have benefitted to the extent that they have lifted their performance from very poor to be able to compete with the national levels (Power, 2012). Minnaert (2011, p.363) has recognised three growing Olympic legacies for socially excluded groups skills/volu nteering, employment, and sports participation. The Olympics has been acknowledged as providing volunteering programmes that improve skills and employability, yet Hiller (2006, p.320) highlights that the model for the Olympic volunteer is best suited to primarily white collar workers.The vast majority of Londons unemployed are young, with a poor education and little skill base. As pointed out by Habibis and Walter (2009, p. 134) ours is a knowledge based society and those who possess the knowledge and skills (the highly educated) are the ones who gain access to the rewards. The same issue applies when reviewing the idea of increased employment opportunities for the host city population. Whilst it is abundantly obvious that yes, there are more jobs, most are not evenly distributed employment opportunities usually benefit those who already have the skills and education required to seek and obtain work, with or without, these increased opportunities (Minneart, 2011, p. 363).The economi c impact of the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic games (2012, p.32) states that 3000 previously unemployed workers (70% of them from the host boroughs) were employed in the construction of the Olympic Park and Athletes village, yet these jobs are unlikely to be unchanging as research into the legacies of the Barcelona and Athens Olympics suggests that job creation tends to be temporary, often filled by migrant and transient workers, with little or no change in overall employment rates (East Thames Group, 2007 p.4).One of Londons promises during the bidding for the 2012 Olympic games was to inspire a new generation to take up sport (DCMS, 2012, p.3). In the pastthe Olympics has been linked to increased participation in sport (Minnaert, 2011, p.363), yet there is little to suggest that these new participants are from any socially excluded groups. Although money, or lack of it, may play a part in this, another inhibiting factor is that sport involvement is also linked to cultural ca pital (Minnaert, 2011, p.363). Bourdieu used cultural capital to refer to a form of value associated with consumption patterns, lifestyle choices, social attributes and formal qualifications (Habibis & Walter, 2009, p. 48). It is comparable to other resources like economic capital in that it not only impacts lifestyles but also life chances.Bourdieu believed cultural capital could be converted to economic capital through education. By sending their children to expensive private schools, working class parents can purchase the cultural power expected to move into middle class jobs (Habibis & Walter, 2009, p.109). It is still too early to tell whether London has succeeded in getting more people to take up a sport, but evidence suggests that in the past the Olympics has failed to show sustained participation once it is over (Minnaert, 2011, p. 363).Those who make the decisions in London today hail not from backgrounds that anyone in East London could possibly relate to. The current UK conservative-liberal coalition government is comprised mainly of the affluent, privately educated, upper class. They and the global business leaders of the world were the decision makers for the London Olympics and decided how London was to be changed and regenerated. Western nations are currently seeing a rising influence of neoliberal discourses where the shift to a market influenced distribution has taken the place of a state related redistribution (Habibis & Walter, 2009, p.105).Indeed the London Olympics has even been called the Neoliberal games (Renton, 2012). Renton (2012) argues that with all the corporate sponsorship from entities such as BP, McDonalds, and Rio Tinto, the 2012 Olympic games are a reflection of the injustices and inequalities of the current economic system.One of the five government promises of the Olympic legacy was to demonstrate that the UK is a creative, inclusive and welcoming place to live in, visit and for business (LERI, 2009, p.6). Yet in the lead u p to the games, there was suggestions of social cleansing occurring as councils attempted torelocate those claiming the housing benefit to areas outside the city (Bowater, 2012). There is also still fence in over whether the Olympic legacy of affordable housing will eventuate. Affordable housing was also meant to be one of the legacies of the London Olympics, yet with the recent cap on the housing benefit, many are doubtful that those with low income will be able to remain in the regenerated areas (Moore, 2012).In conclusion, it is noted that while hosting the Olympics boosts a cities transnational profile, particularly regarding investment and tourism it does not benefit all. While some improvements have been seen in the host boroughs like better school performances, more hopefulness and resilience, the increasing global financial strain is causing cuts to funding and resources that may now turn the clock back and leave these areas even worse off than they were before the Olympic s. The lasting legacy could be that with the local sporting facilities removed to make way for the large Olympic complexes, many will no longer be able to afford to use them.With class still playing such an important role in determining life chances, particularly in London, the need to build a social system where education and skills acquisition are genuinely based on meritocratic principals rather than class hierarchy is the only way that inequality can be reduced. The Olympics has always been based on such meritocratic principals and it is the socially responsibility of those in power to see that as so much public investment is spent on financing such a large event, that it can only be justified if all benefit by being completely socially inclusive.

Catch 22 By: Joseph Heller Essay

Catch 22 has many scenes of furiousness in it that fosters to contribute to the meaning of the complete turn tail. The first scene of violence that helps portray the complete meaning of the novel is boor Sampson being cut in half by McWatt while temporary his flat too showtime to the ground. The support scene of violence was when Yossarian broke Natelys nose on Thanksgiving while some men were playing around with the machine gun. And in timetually the last example of violence in Catch 22 the help contributes to the meaning of the novel is Milo Minderbinder make a contract with the Germans to have him harass on his own unit to help the syndicate. These scenes give a good idea on how the violence of Catch 22 contributes to the meaning of the complete work of the novel and shows the importance of the violence to the novel.The first scene of violence that helps portray the meaning the novel Catch 22 is McWatt accidently killing Kid Sampson on the beach. McWatt was flying way too broken in to the ground like he does all of the time and flew over the beach. Then he went right at Kid Sampson and because sliced him to pieces with the blade of his ship. Kid Sampson was at the beach with everyone else and he was standing on a raft when he got hit by the plane. McWatt was on a training flight with two new pilots showing them how to fly when it happened. They parachuted out of the plane and he rode it into the side of a mountain. Everyone thought Doc Daneeka died in the plane accident becasue McWatt put Doc Daneeka name down for flight hours but he was really on the ground with everyone else. Yossarian warns him about flying so low but he still decides to fly low to the ground. Colonel Cathcart is so devastated about what happened he made the missions go up even more than it was before. This is how McWatt accidently killing Kid Sampson is fundamental to the novel.The second scene of violence in Catch 22 is Yossarian breaking Natelys nose on Thanksgiving when Nately tried to stop Yossarian from shooter the guys firing the machine gun at the base. Then Nately told his whore and she hated Yossarian for that. When Nately got killed in the disastrous crash on the La Spezia mission with Dobbs, Yossarian decides to go to capital of Italy and tell her what happened to Nately. When he was there, she tired to kill and was throwingstuff at him. Then she keeps following him around wherever he went. She was in the plane when it landed and she was at the base. Then she jumped out of a bush after he got out of the Colonel Cathcart and Colonel Korn office. They were discussing sending home Yossarian and about giving him a medal. But she stabbed him and he had to go to the hospital. This is why Yossarian breaking Natelys nose on Thanksgiving was important to the story.The last major scene of violence in Catch 22 that was important to the novel had to do with Milo and the M &M Enterprises is in the business for finding the best deals and trading to mak e a profit for the syndicate. His only stroke was buying Egyptian cotton was going to ruin his business because he cant sell it. He made a deal with the Germans who by the way were the enemies of America in the war. The deal stated that he had to bomb his own outfit and many of his own men were hurt during this. Milo even decided it was best for him to tip off the Germans during a surprise attack by the Americans. But instead of getting punishes for shooting his own unit the human beings celebrates all of his profits he made. His explanation for playing for both sides was if it benefits the syndicate it benefits the men and it is worth taking a risk for. Then he decides he wants to fly more missions because he has only seven but Colonel Cathcart makes him agree to have the men fly his missions for him.This is the cause for more un needed deaths in the novel. This is how Milos bombard his own unite helps show how violent scenes are important to the novel. Throughout the novel Catc h 22 there are many scenes of violence. These violent scenes help to contribute to t he meaning of the book. The first scene was when Yossarian broke Natelys nose during the Thanksgiving celebration which causes Natelys whore to hate him. The second scene of violence that contributed to the meaning of the book was when McWatt Killed Kid Sampson with his airplane. And finally the last scene was when Milo started shooting at his own unit after making a deal whit the Germans. This is how these scenes help to contribute to the whole meaning of Catch 22.

Culture in Aruba

The people of Aruba come primarily from European, African, and Latin American countries and the culture of the island reflects these varied backgrounds. The language, food, religion, and celebrations on Aruba be composed of a healthy mix of these countries. Aruba is well tied to Holland because of its long occupation and present partnership in the Netherlands kingdom. The official language is Dutch, which is seen on the street signs, official documents, and umpteen local newspapers. However, galore(postnominal) aspects of Arubas culture reveal strong influences of contributing cultures, such as the common language Papiamento.Papiamento dates back to the sixteenth century, as a means for African slaves to herald with their owners. Papiamento reflects the mentality and culture of the many peoples who have inhabited the region, including the Arawak and Carib Indians, African slaves, South American traders, Spanish conquers, Dutch merchants, Portuguese missionaries, and French and E nglish settlers. While grammar is basic, many non-Arubans find its syntax and intonation challenging. Much of Papiamento has been handed down verbally from generation to generation.Its proverbs contain a simply stated wealth of philosophy and insight. by humor and metaphor, utilizing food, animals, and objects from everyday life, Papiamento lends universal guidance and wisdom. Some popular phrases are Bon Dia for good morning and Masha Danki for thank you. Aruban food is simple in preparation and taste. mostly grilled without a lot of grease or spice, chicken, fish and vegetables are often accompanied by local vegetables such as corn, broccoli, potatoes or rice. Johnnycakes are fried biscuits prepared with slat fish from Canada and Norway, which are popular in Aruba.Also popular are stews of beef, chicken, and goat, with ingredients of a cucumber called concomber and rice with black beans. Stuffed cheese, called keeshi yena, is a traditional Aruban dish dating back to the days of the Dutch West India Company. It was originally made by hollowing out the round Dutch cheeses and stuffing them with a mixture of chicken, vegetables, and spices. More modern recipes include raisins, grated cheese, pelfcrumbs, olives, capers, and gherkins, and beef, fish or shrimp is sometimes used in lieu of chicken. Often eaten in fix of bread is a ornmeal pudding similar to polenta. Slaves brought this recipe to the Caribbean from West Africa. Dishes of Asian origin, such as the Nasi Goreng and rijstaffel of Indonesia and the Chinese vegetables bok choy and snow peas, are included on Aruban menus. Desserts in Aruba are rich and sweet. Black cake, or bolo preto, is the Antillean rum and cognac-soaked delicacy of choice at Family events, such as weddings and birthdays. It takes several weeks to prepare before garnished with albumen icing and sprinkled with silver candy balls. Other favorite Aruban desserts are sweet and colorful cakes and gelatins.The people of Aruba are predomi nantly Christian. Roman Catholics make up the bulk with 82 percent of the population, while Protestants are second with eight percent. Other religions present on the island include Judaism, Muslim, Hindu and Confucian. There are several churches on the island that have become tourist attractions for their antiquity and beauty. The Santa Anna Church in Noord was built between 1914 and 1919. The neo-gothic wood-carved altar was sculpted by Hendrik van der Geld of the Netherlands and the stained field glass windows were created in 1932 by Wilhelm Derix of Germany.Built in 1877, the rectory of this church is the oldest in Aruba. Our Lady of Alto Vista is located on a high gauze-like near the north coast. It is a quaint, simply constructed chapel, which had a clear view of approaching pirate ships from the north. The original structure was built of stone and wood in 1750 and the antique Spanish cross is the oldest work of art in the Netherlands Antilles, except for Indian Artifacts. Ca rnaval, Arubas most exciting celebration, is preceded by weeks of celebration, parades, elections, contests, and parties.Many schools, businesss and organizations dress up in elaborate costumes to compete for coveted titles. At the beginning of the celebration, Arubas Prime minister symbolically transfers command of the country to the prince of Carnaval. Tivoli, Arubas oldest social club, has produced a dazzling nighttime lighting parade for this event. The Grand Carnaval Parade in San Nicolas begins in the middle of the night and lasts until dawn, and the Oranges tad parade takes place that next day, making for an exhausting weekend for celebratory Arubans. The burning of King Momo, a life-size effigy, marks the nd of Carnaval at midnight on Shrove Tuesday, before ash tree Wednesday and the beginning of Lent. Central figures in Carnaval lore are the beautiful queen and the prince, who is the authoritative figure guiding the parade and later restoring order with his sidekick, pancho . Music is an integral element at Carnaval and most popular are the Caribbean beats of Tumba and Calypso. The origins of Carnaval are found thousands of years ago. The work is derived from the Latin carne vale, meaning farewell to flesh, signifying the time when many Christians gave up meat and other sacrifices.

Marketing Research on Parle Agro

A RESEARCH REPORT ON affix d crankystring circumspection OF LG ELECTRONICS A report submitted to UP Technical University for the p craftial fulfillment the degree of Master of assembly line Administration Submitted to Submitted by Mrs. Shweta Singh queer KHAIRA Director of C-MAT MBA 4th semester Roll no. 0714970051 CENTER FOR centering engine room Pot No. 25,27,28,Phase 1, Knowledge Park-1 greater Noida(U. P. ) CERTIFICATEThis is to certify that this project entitled to SUPPLY drawstring circumspection OF LG ELECTRONICS submitted by SUNNY KHAIRA, for the fulfillment of the degree of M. B. A. assigned project report is a free lance wager d whizz by his under my guidance and supervision.. Signature Mr. Kirti Sinha HOD (M. B. A. ) C-MAT DECLARATION I, SUNNY KHAIRA ,do decl be that the interrogation Project Report entitled SUPPLY bowed stringed instrument MANAGEMENT OF LG ELECTRONICS being submitted to the U. P.Technical University for the partial fulfillment of the requir ement for the degree of Master of Business Administration is my own endeavors and it has not been submitted earlier to any lend for any degree Place Greater Noida SUNNY KHAIRA Date MBA,C-MAT P R E F A C E Management education chew ups of synchronizing the theoretical studies with practical act in the nigh efficacious federal agency. The training build prominently in the course curriculum as it imparts practical populateledge to the student aspiring to accomplish professional insight.It actu apiecey gives a feel close to what is happening in life and industry around. It grooms an individual to find himself fit in the corporate creation. Students last come surface with much confidence, knowledge and matured attitude and outlook. In at presents war-ridden world, Marketing Research forms a break player. To me, it is an identifyly and insightful serve of speak outing just rough and think for the market. This ferment is applicable to more than just goods and go. I think that anything chiffonier be researched ideas, events, brass section, place, personalities etc. nd that motivated me to choose this as a specialized subject. This particular process starts with entering deep inwardly the relevant market place to clear its dynamics and to identify opportunities to wager the felt or infelt unavoidablenesss. SUNNY KHAIRA M. B. A. quaternate SEMESTER ACKNOWLEDGMENT Any formulate of this magnitude requires input, fret and encouragement of people from tot whollyy sides. I am quite fortunate to view as had active co-operation of many people at different stages of the project.Without their priceless cooperation, I would eat not been able to do justice to this report. Although it would be difficult to thank each(prenominal) those who contri scarceed towards victorful completion of report yet, it would be unfair on my part if I dont thank a selected fewer. First of all I am thankful to God, for all the blessings he has high hatowed up on me, without which it would yield been impossible to complete this project. The Faculty members at C-MAT continue to have an impact on my thinking, which helped me to complete this project.I would ilk to extend my give thanks to all my friends for their co -operation airing entropy collection. Respondents equally deserve thanks as their sincere co-operation led to worthy results. Lastly, I would cargon to thank my p atomic number 18nts for being the guiding bosom by dint of and through all the phases of my life. Doing my project on this topic was a wonderful opportunity for me, for it instilled in me a great deal of confidence and ability to work hard and thereby face challenges. SUNNY KHAIRA M.B. A. 4TH SEMESTER TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER integrity INTRODUCTION . CHAPTER TWO OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY CHAPTER THREE STATEMENT OF THE fuss CHAPTER FOUR HYPOTHESIS. CHAPTER FIVE LIMITATION OF THE STUDY CHAPTER SIX. Study of defacement. discipline enabled come out bowed strin ged instrument concern put uping train solicitude in LG electronics tag figure of speech, blot cling to. shuffling law archetype. Online pock audit. daub audit with reference to a specific merchandise. return train centering with separate departments. guest focus preparation kitchen stove instruction CHAPTER SEVEN RESEARCH METHODOLOGY CHAPTER EIGHT DATA epitome AND DICUSSION CHAPTER golf club GENERAL OBSERVATION.. CHAPTER TEN cultivation. CHAPTER ELEVEN testimony FOR FURTHER STUDY.. BIBLIOGRAPHY. ANNEXURE. CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION Welcome to the exciting world of leave compass charge. It is a buzzword probably pulmonary tuberculosisd for the premiere duration by the consultants in the 1980s and later analysed by the clientele community.In round-eyed terms summate strand solicitude link all the grant interacting memorial tablet in an integrate two way communication system to manage high character inventory in the near powerfu l and in effect(p) manner. As such(prenominal)(prenominal) provide kitchen stove worry is a engagement of facilities and dispersal options that perform the function of procurance of secular transformation of these worldlys into intermediate and finished good and eventually the distribution of these goods to the end user. The impart fibril exists both in the serve well and manufacturing sector, although the complexity of chemical cosmic string whitethorn vary greatly from industry to industry and from flying to firm.As such it include internal and internationalistic function on with suppliers, involved in the identification and fulfillment of needs for hearty , equipment , assists in an optimized fashion. It basically comprise of four principle phase (1). Generation of requirement, (2). Sourcing, (3). Pricing, (4). Post award activities LG holds prospering doing of add ambit vigilance through the reciprocation of engineering science and strategical a lliance by incorporating strategic collaboration with professional consulting companies and core engineering science vendors.LG has the capability to be a collaborative partner for the blameless sum up reach anxiety. On the whole LG proposes solution that scoop suits the need of the node with the past watch in exe deletioning projects in assorted industries. LG help to generate practical business organisation protect of tack on mountain range prudence, a strategic focus fulfil to dramatically inflict the hail and maximize the gross revenue revenue by integrating internal a well foreign value chain for providing harvest-festivals and swear outs to client, and as such it focus its aid on strategic activities. CHAPTER TWOOBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY In this project report of mine I would be focusing my attention on few of the master(prenominal)(prenominal) object glass that would also be the part of my airfield. The following argon the objectives ?To understand t he concept of brand. ?To understand the concept of brand image, brand value, brand equity. ?To study the emerging concept of online brand audit. ?To study the brand audit with reference to a specific product. ?To study inventory Turn everyplace Ratio ?To study channel of distribution of LG Electronics ?To study applications syllabusme of randomness Technology in allow kitchen stove Management To find out satisfaction level of run chain focussing readiness ? To find out the coordination among different departments through lend chain management ?To know the factors effecting the decision regarding supply chain management. CHAPTER THREE STATEMENT OF THE puzzle ?To know the application of supply chain management in LG Electronics ?To find out the purchasing execution of LG electronics ?To find out the inventory turnover ratio ?To find out the channels of distribution or the complexity involved in the supply chain management ?To know the present trend of randomness technology in the supply chain management.CHAPTER FOUR HYPOTHESIS A hypothesis may be type delimitd as a proposition or a stickoff propositions set forth as an explanation for the occurrence of slightly specified stratumify of phenomena either asserted merely as a provisional conjecture to guide some investigation or accepted as highly likely in the light of established facts. Quite often a research hypothesis is a prophetic statement, capable of being tested by scientific methods, that relates an independent variable to some dependent variable. A hypothesis is a statement capable of being objectively verified and tested with the help of statistical tools.The hypothesis which I have set is To study the trend of summate Chain Management in the light of Information Technology of LG Electronics. Further this not the end of the study and as such some more hypothesis provide be developed during the research work. CHAPTER FIVE LIMITATION OF THE STUDY A study is usually done with the intenti on to explore something impertinent or to summate a few impertinently things to the already exiting study or research. As such when the study is done various difficulties atomic number 18 to be faced in collecting selective reading and other things which ultimately leads to its own advantages and drawbacks.My research work was a great exposure to me because I have to undergo stress and at the same prison term experience the actual hardship that it needs to collect reading. Some of the hardship which I faced is as follows ?Owing to the limitation of time factor research was not been done extensively as compulsory ?Respondents at times were hesitant in giving information as they feel it is leakage of companies information ?The sample sizing was acceden small, because of time and cost factor involved in it ?Most of the information collected is from the plump forary data ?The primary data is collected solitary(prenominal) through the middle management without the contribut ion of the lower management payable to their hectic schedule. ?The respondents may be biased on influenced by some other factors. ?Time and money were the greatest limitation in carrying out the survey. Study Of label INTRODUCTION 1. Established in 1997, LG Electronics India Pvt. Ltd. (LGEIL), is a wholly owned hyponym of LG Electronics, South Korea. It is South Koreas second largest electronics shambler and the worlds third largest appliance maker.With head lodges in the LG Twin Towers on Yeouido, Seoul, LG Electronics is the flagship high society of LG host, one of the largest chaebols. The telephoner has 75 subsidiaries worldwide that design and fable televisions, shell appliances, and telecommunications devices. LG Electronics owns Zenith Electronics and controls LG Displays, a union venture with Philips Electronics. In India for a decade now, LG is the market leader in consumer consumer durables and recognised as a leading technology innovator in the information tech nology and mobile communications business . LG is the acknowledged trendsetter for he consumer durable industry in India with the fastest ever crossways the nation r for each one, latest spherical technology and product innovation. LG Electronics was originally established in 1958 as GoldStar, producing radios, TVs, refrigerators,washing machines, and air conditioners. The LG Group was a optical fusion of two Korean companies, happy and GoldStar, from which the abbreviation of LG was derived. The current Lifes in force(p) slogan is a backronym. Before the corporate name change to LG, household products were sold under the brand name of Lucky, charm electronic products were sold under the brand name of GoldStar.The GoldStar brand is still perceive as a discount brand. One of the most formidable brands, LGEIL has an impressive portfolio of Consumer Electronics, Home Appliances, GSM mobile phones and IT products. LG Electronics India Pvt. Ltd. , a wholly owned subsidiary of LG Electronics, South Korea was established in January, 1997 after clearance from the Foreign enthronisation Promotion identity card (FIPB). The trend of beating industry norms started with the fastest ever-nationwide propel by LG in a period of 4 and 1/2 months with the commencement of operations in May 1997.LG set up a state-of-the art manufacturing ease at Greater Noida, near Delhi, in 1998, with an investment of Rs 500 Crores. This facility manufactured discolor Televisions, Washing Machines, Air-Conditioners and Microwave Ovens. In the yr 2000, LG Information & Communications merged the worlds first Internet-enabled refrigerator resulting in Global gross sales of refrigerators reaching the number one position. During the category 2001, LG also commenced the home production for its eco-friendly Refrigerators and established its assembly line for its PC supervises at its Greater Noida manufacturing unit.The commencement exercise of 2003 saw the float out of the first loca lly manufactured Direct Cool Refrigerator from the deeds at Greater Noida. In 2004, LGEIL also up its second Greenfield manufacturing unit in Pune, Maharashtra that commences operations in October 2004. Covering over 50 acres, the facility manufactures liquid crystal display TV, GSM Phones, Color Televisions, Air Conditioners, Refrigerators, Microwave Ovens Color Monitors. Information Enabled Supply Chain Management in LG Electronics INFORMATION ENABLED SUPPLY chain of mountains MANAGEMENT IN LG ELECTRONICS 2. INTRODUCTION The focus of management has changed over the time. The business thinking of 70s and 80s related to strategic planning and portfolio approach has dramatically changed. Flexibility and responsiveness has become key business drivers for the 21st century, forcing business to point themselves along process instead of functions. Managing complex situation effectively on a real time radical for business information has become critical. Information technology has helpe d in devising the supply chain faster, flexible and responsive.As such LG needs to invest in information technology to make its supply chain more result oriented and challenging. Various flows in supply chain such as material, information and money preserve be effectively managed through information technology. It is this aspect of management that the use of information technology has assumed greater signifi grassce. Further in LG supply chain management enabled by advance technology shoots at developing a technical infrastructure, linking technology and people in an effort to align advantageous information technology with the capability of organizing and facilitating client satisfaction.LG also aim at supplement information tool to address the business concern relating to flexibility, quality, responsiveness and edging towards agility. Typical model of supply chain management 2. 2 ELECTRONIC COMMERCE (E COMMERCE) The internet era has revolutionized commerce, making e- commerc e a reality. The factors that have contributed to the success of e commerce, are lower purchasing cost, reduction of inventories, effective guest swear out, merchandise and sales etc. know time has come for the paper based business to give outside(a) to electronic business when supplier and guest will transact electronically.This would help in reducing cost, price, and extend savings. LG has well-tried to make an effective use of e commerce. With the help of it, it is able to display variety of its product invoked on the internet for the convience of the customer. This would be advantageous in two ways ?Firstly the customer would be able to know about the product ? Secondly it mickle transact purchase without very expiry to the market place for its purchasing As such LG has tried to use collar in-chief(postnominal) proportionality of e commerce in his day to day activities. These are as follows ? Reach is about vex and connection.It simply means as to how many c ustomer a business can access or how many products it can offer 2. 3 Application of E Commerce in supply chain management in LG Electronics Marketing and Sales Procurement/Logistics On line product information Electronic bidding Electronic interchange Low cost transportation Product offerings/e-supermarkets Point to point selling Point to point warehousing Customer service Inventory ManagementRepair/return/ surrogate High visibility On site fixing Removal of obsolete items Technical support Online place information on inventory 2. 4 ELECTRONIC DATA INTERCHANGE (EDI) EDI is interring schemeal exchange of business documentation in a structured machine process able form. It consists of standardized electronic gist formats for parking lot business documents such as request for quotation, purchase orders etc.These electronic transactions set the computer in one order /organization to communicate with the computer in the other organization without actually producing paper document s. Use of EDI in LG Electronics helps in providing various functions. The basic function is to provide compatibility among different systems that is easy and direct exchange of information. The second function is of store and forward. This means that orders will be sent but it will be stock by the supplier as per the agreement which can be weekly or monthly.The third and the final function performed by EDI in LG id that of Application support As such we can say if LG Electronics implement EDI properly and utilized it cost-expeditiously it can add speed and efficiency to business process enabling the organization to maximize resources and minimize neutralise and development customer satisfaction. 2. 5 Benefits of various Information Technology Elements IT ElementOperationsResults in EDI (Exchange Data Interchange)Inter organizational exchange of business documentation Reduced transaction cost and time Optimized Inventory Improved decision making Increased accuracy Improved custom er service IntranetDistribution of information within an organization car park process for ninefold functions Two way communication between different parts of the plant ExtranetInformation transaction among the clients, partners and customerEliminate user interface proliferation Enhance overall performance Real time feedback E CommerceCreate tonic revenue streams and grow Trim both transactional and overhead be Improve customer service 2. 6 INTRANET/EXTRANET Competitive pressures are ever increasing in world(a) manufacturing milieu.Intranet is a means of distributing information. It throw in the towels real time feedback to flow from the manufacturing area to design and engineering sorts. An intranet allows internal users to access data from external sources, while restricting access to it from those outside. The benefits that intranet provide to LG Electronics are as follows ?It facilitates two way communication between the manufacturing floor and the areas of the plant ? It allows distribution of many categories of information. These can be presented with a common look and feel , eliminating user friendly proliferation ?It construes a common process for multiple function and prove overall performance. 2. 7 outcome Information technology has played an crucial case in making the supply chain faster, reliable and responsive. At the same time it is also important to make effective investment in the field of information technology, otherwise it may not bear fruitful results. because on the whole it can be said that ?Strategic decision on the supply chain design can increase customer satisfaction and save money through information technology ?By sharing information, supply chain partners are able to respond more rapidly to know demands at a lower cost ? Information technology helps in reducing the operating cost by proper coordination of planning of various stages of supply chain ? Rapid introduction of a new or modified product is possible through i nformation technology ? Effective inventory management, product customization, is possible through information technology ? Detailed analysis of performance level, reporting and handling can facilitate with the help of information technology. Supply Chain Management in LG ElectronicsSUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT IN LG ELECTRONICS 3. 1 OVERVIEW OF LG ELECTRONICS The Foundation of LG LG was established in 1947 as Koreas first chemical company, and also seemly the nations first electronics company with its expansion into home appliances in 1958. The new Corporate identity was launched including the change of the group name from Lucky-Gold star to LG in 1995. Business Fields The wide arrays of activities that LG conducts are coordinated within three highly pore business sectors Chemicals & Energy, Electronics and Telecommunications & Services.Each sector has undergone systematic changes, with rectifyd monetary compositions, restructured business portfolios and realigned equity investment structures. 3. 2 LG AN INTRODUCTION HISTORY OF LG ELECTRONICS The internationally famed company LG started off as Lucky Goldstar, a small company manufacturing cosmetics. In 1947 businessman Ku-in Hwe in Pusan in South Korea launched the company. LG entered in to the electronic business under the Gold star brand name in 1958. In the same year LG manufactured Koreas first telephone, refrigerator and black & white television.In the succeeding old age it change into oil refining, construction, semiconductor and finance. LG adopted the new name and corporate identity in 1995 from the companys two foremost brands Lucky and Gold star. Various Stages in LGs Growth Path LG THE fellowship LG Electronics India Ltd. is a subsidiary of LG Group, which is a 53-year-old business group of South Korea. LG is a US $80 one million million business group with 1, 30,000 employees. It is the third largest Korean Company and it started its operation in India just six years back.LG has established i ts corporate office at Noida along with the production facilities there. It has a intercommunicate of 17 branches in major cities spread all over India. LG is a company where they believe that people are the most important resource. It was rated as the 6th best employer to work for in India by Business Today in a survey conducted across a range of corporate all over India. At LG we invariably put people first. this is the slogan with which the company is running its HR policy. LG believes itself to be global company with carriage over 175 countries across the globe with a champion spirit.LG LAYOUT LG Electronics, Greater Noida is located on the outskirts of the metropolis having very little habitation. It has two main buildings- Building A and B. Building A has the corporate office, R&D Center, Washing Machine, A/C Assembly line, ELT room, Ware house, Stores etc. Building B has the CTV, Monitor line, PCB Line. On the first floor, an office with Production, Production Engineering , Materials, Quality Assurance and E-Source Department is situated. LG PHILOSOPHY The management philosophy is To create value for customers through management based on esteem of human dignity .LGs vision is to bring a smiling face to every home across the globe. The logo of LG is in harmony with their vision. The smiling face logo symbolizes five key concepts World, Future, Youth, and Human and Technology. LG believes that an effective combination of these elements would make better approaching a reality for the organization. LG has been exploring ways to develop, combine and apply technologies that would customize products and services to meet customer needs and exceed their expectations. LG aims at creating a healthy and better life for every family. LG yield IDENTITYPI (Product Identity) means to embody and to sustain the brand image through product design. CIPD is the process to make products identity & uniqueness gradually for customers recognition of brand and its value. LG CORPORATE IMAGE AND PI As an essential factor in connection between customers and company, product conveys the image of company to its customers. CIPD, Corporate Identity through Product Design, aims at propagation of sustaining LGs identity as well as its establishment through consistent design activities, which will help us to view the trust from customers.LG THE STRATEGY AND POLICY LG group has laid its foundation on three core values, which are central to the company in each and every respect of its business and workings. The three core values are Innovation, Openness and Partnership. Innovation Creating new and unique values. Openness Responding to changing environment with an open mind and flexible behavior. Partnership Establishing cooperative births to ensure the best performance as we enter fully. LG believes its core competencies to be Design, Technology, Marketing and Networking.Marketing The ability to understandably understand and analyze customer needs and the n link them to business, continuously controlling the brand image Technology The ability to develop unique product concepts with new proprietary technology ahead of others and then commercialize them. Design The ability to plan projects and business effectively to maximize results. Networking The ability to create win-win relationship opportunities based on ones strengths in specific sectors and make them into assets. It is the integration of its value with its competencies that LG has been able to achieve the success at such a fast rate.The company claims itself to be the most e-mail friendly company and service with a smile is the motto of the company. 3. 3 VISION OF LG ELECTRONICS 3. 4 STRATEGIC SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT IN LG ELECTRONICS The term scheme has been derived from the word strategos which means generalship. In olden days it was more employ in wars but with passage of time it know been implement in all spheres whether it is management, planning etc. Without a well th ought strategy an organization can not think of making big because of the outgrowth competition and improved and better ways of production.As such the strategy used by LG is Shorter product life cycle, improved quality, faster delivery lower price, which have de amercement its success. It is based on the formula Competitiveness = competitive assets x competitive process Beside this some of the important imperatives for the supply chain strategy are as follows ? Emergence of global sourcing as a practicable strategy ?Global network of manufacturing and marketing ?Global business process revolution and global process transfer ? Shifting patterns of competitive advantage ?Emergence of integrated enterprise of management system architecture ? General trend towards integrated solutions. . 5 MAJOR TRENDS IN SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT CO- MAKERSHIP It is specify as the development of a long term relationship with limited number of suppliers on the basis of mutual confidence. The main bene fits of co makership is shorter delivery lead times, reliable delivery promises, faster implementation of condescend changes etc. The basic philosophy underline co makership is that the suppliers are treated as an extension of the customers factory with emphasis on continuity and end to end pipeline. USE OF THIRD troupe LOGISTICS A decision to use third party logistic should be based on the organization needs, service provider capabilities etc.Outsourcing operations like remembering, transportation, improve service levels, enhance flexibility and reduce cost. It also helps in reducing investment in assets and enables organization to access to newer technology. PRINCIPLE OF PROCUREMENT Activities that are done up to the last moment like packaging, labeling, etc is known as principle of procurement. The main aim of this principle is to minimize the risk of carrying finished product inventory at various points in the supply chain by delaying product differentiations to the latest pos sible moment before customer purchase.However it should be noted that postponement should not lead to compromise on the desired service level. 3. 6 practical application IN LG ELECTRONICS Supply chain management has in recent years has played an important aim in all the industries concerned. It has not completely paved way for the induction of information technology but has also helped the manufactures in easy procurement of material and transferring the same to the ultimate consumer. Without going further in detail we try to see the application of supply chain in the following areas RETAILERSRetailers are the second last chain in the distribution of the product to the ultimate consumer. Since they are at constant trace with the customer they are in a better position to understand their needs and wants. As such they send request to the distributors and to the manufactures for goods which are in demand. The manufactures through a well defined supply chain are able to send goods t o the sellers. In the absence of this chain the manufactures can lose the customer. Thus supply chain at as an important tool in maintaining customer satisfaction and loyalty. SUPPLIERSIn todays scenario companies are not required to stock commodities in bulk owing to fluctuation in the market related to product preference. As such manufactures do not store raw material but place orders as and when the need arise. Here the role of supply chain comes into picture as it helps the supplier in providing material to the manufacture at an appropriate time. MARKET SEGMENTATION Supply chain helps in the part of customers based on the service needs of distinct groups and adaptation to serve these constituents profitability. This pleasing of part can result in better prediction of the demand from the individual customers.Further segmentation also leads to know the demand of the products among the customer and also to know the future customer preference. 3. 7 CONCLUSION It has been seen f rom the past that when ever something innovative is been introduced in the business arena it has created a platform for something to happen. The introduction of supply chain has immensely benefited the manufactures as know they have a well defined line of procurement of material and transferring the finished product to the ultimate customer. Further it creates an essence which focuses on the creation of value.It is a network of business process used to deliver products and service. Supply chain also sees the organizational relationship in order to get the information necessary to run the business and to generate profits. This concept not only includes relationship with the internal business function but also those with all trading partners outside the firm. Brand image Brand value Brand equity 4. 1 Brand image The importance of brand differentiation based on quality, design and technological innovation was a key topic at the sixth LG Electronics PR Forum held in Beirut.Titled Shapin g the Future of Excellence, the two-day meet discussed strategy and best practice and explored the importance of PR to brand building. More than 45 delegates from LGs regional headquarters, Seoul head office, and set easternmost and Africa PR agencies attended the forum. Markets represented included the UAE, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria, Turkey, Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, Iran and Pakistan. LGs new global management strategy, robust Ocean, aims to establish LG as a top-three consumer electronics company by 2010, doubling sales volumes, profits and administerholder benefits.Flagship or Blue Ocean products that demonstrate market leadership, high sales and profit performance will urge brand growth, and LG hopes that 30 per cent of sales and 50 per cent of profits will come from Blue Ocean products by 2010. Well planned communication and PR campaigns play a critical role in achieving ambitious business goals and establishing LG as a insuranc e premium brand, said K. W Kim, President, LG Electronics Middle East and Africa. As we move away from conventional business practices, Blue Ocean demands that we deliver a material point of difference for LG products.PR will bring the new strategy to life in multiple cultures and markets. The sixth LG PR Forum in the Middle East and Africa has helped strengthen systems and share valuable new thinking. The forum received presentations on word of mouth marketing, e-PR, and photography. LG also invited representatives of leading print and TV media to share important industry perspectives. An issues and crisis management workshop was held on the last day of the forum. 4. 2 Brand value LG Electronics India Pvt. Ltd has 0 positive reviews and 0 negative reviews.Established in 1997, LG Electronics India Pvt. Ltd. (LGEIL), is a wholly owned subsidiary of LG Electronics, South Korea. It is South Koreas second largest electronics maker and the worlds third largest appliance maker. With he adquarters in the LG Twin Towers on Yeouido, Seoul, LG Electronics is the flagship company of LG Group, one of the largest chaebols. The company has 75 subsidiaries worldwide that design and manufacture televisions, home appliances, and telecommunications devices. LG Electronics owns Zenith Electronics and controls LG Displays, a joint venture with Philips Electronics.In India for a decade now, LG is the market leader in consumer durables and recognised as a leading technology innovator in the information technology and mobile communications business . LG is the acknowledged trendsetter for the consumer durable industry in India with the fastest ever nationwide reach, latest global technology and product innovation. LG Electronics was originally established in 1958 as GoldStar, producing radios, TVs, refrigerators,washing machines, and air conditioners. The LG Group was a merger of two Korean companies, Lucky and GoldStar, from which the abbreviation of LG was derived.The current Li fes Good slogan is a backronym. Before the corporate name change to LG, household products were sold under the brand name of Lucky, while electronic products were sold under the brand name of GoldStar. The GoldStar brand is still perceived as a discount brand. One of the most formidable brands, LGEIL has an impressive portfolio of Consumer Electronics, Home Appliances, GSM mobile phones and IT products. LG Electronics India Pvt. Ltd. , a wholly owned subsidiary of LG Electronics, South Korea was established in January, 1997 after clearance from the Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB).The trend of beating industry norms started with the fastest ever-nationwide launch by LG in a period of 4 and 1/2 months with the commencement of operations in May 1997. LG set up a state-of-the art manufacturing facility at Greater Noida, near Delhi, in 1998, with an investment of Rs 500 Crores. This facility manufactured Colour Televisions, Washing Machines, Air-Conditioners and Microwave Ovens . In the year 2000, LG Information & Communications merged the worlds first Internet-enabled refrigerator resulting in Global sales of refrigerators reaching the number one position.During the year 2001, LG also commenced the home production for its eco-friendly Refrigerators and established its assembly line for its PC Monitors at its Greater Noida manufacturing unit. The beginning of 2003 saw the roll out of the first locally manufactured Direct Cool Refrigerator from the plant at Greater Noida. In 2004, LGEIL also up its second Greenfield manufacturing unit in Pune, Maharashtra that commences operations in October 2004. Covering over 50 acres, the facility manufactures LCD TV, GSM Phones, Color Televisions, Air Conditioners, Refrigerators, Microwave Ovens Color Monitors. some(prenominal) the Indian manufacturing units has been intentional with the latest technologies at par with international standards at South Korea and are one of the most Eco-friendly units amongst all LG manu facturing plants in the world. LG has been able to craft out in ten years, a premium brand positioning in the Indian market and is today the most preferred brand in the segment. Business Domains of LGEIL Mobile Communications LG is a global leader in mobile communications, specializing in UMTS, CDMA, and GSM handsets. give thanks to its wide range of wired and wireless options, the company is becoming a force to be reckoned with on the international market. In India LG is targeting GSM handset business in premium trend setter segment, Camera & practice of medicine segment & color screen segment. Digital Appliances LG changing homes in many ways, offering customers exceptional value and convenience. Innovative digital appliances range from 100% washer dryer with direct drive technology, built-in LCD TV refrigerator, Lightwave cooking oven (solardom) to artcool split air conditioner. Digital DisplayLG offers a wide range of digital display products, equipped with customer-oriented de signs and technologies. With its LCD TVs, Full HD Plasma TVs, Ultra-slim Color TVs, LCD monitors LG is pulling out all the stops to remain the front-runner in todays digital display industry. Digital Media LG has a great interest in digital media and is continually developing and producing digital convergence products that promise to meliorate the lives of its customers. The company produces Laptops, Personal Computers, LCD monitors, CRT monitors & Optical Storage Devices. 4. 3 Brand equityLG Electronics India Ltd (LGEIL), consumer durables leader with 27% market share, is planning a brand new image. To curl aspirational and young consumers across India, company will roll out a new marketing strategy. The exercise will cost the company Rs 360 crore. V Ramchandran, Director Sales and marketing, LGEIL says, In the last ten years since the parent company launched India operation under LG Electronics India, we assumed leadership position in home appliances and consumer durable items. Company was focused on the segment as per consumer demand. However, the scenario is different now. Besides reliability and affordability, theres an aspirational value attached to electronic appliances, a sea change from the past. And hence the image makeover. The first step, to communicate LGs quality and brand equity, has been the launch of Brand Shoppes, dedicated outlets of LG products in metros. Ramchandran says. He explained, Young consumer is aware about new designs and advanced technology. Top class consumers spend more and dont mind spending more to fulfill their aspiration. In India 50-60 % consumer are young and unforced to purchase new, different, attractive and exciting items. In a bid to meet the challenges of an increasingly mature retail environment in the country and redefining the standards for digital lifestyle retailing, it is necessary to focus on brand image. LG Brand Shoppe goes beyond the concept of a normal exclusive store by having a more synergetic env ironment and additional lifestyle orientation on display so that the customer can actually experience the LG products in his or her own home settings. Company is setting up a chain of exclusive premium showrooms. LG plans to launch 60 premium Brand Shoppes by the end of the first quarter of this year, he said.At present, LG has a total of 83 LG stores across the country, of which 45 are shoppes and 38 are exclusive stores. Brand shoppes will be placed in the premium segment and the target consultation will comprise buyers interested in premium and high end products. Online Brand Audit 5. 1 Online Brand Audit Every day at Friends of the Earth Scotland we receive calls asking us about environmentally friendly products whether it is really worth recycling and how to go about greening the office. Our Online Audit is designed to answer these questions.It is aimed at those putting green office policy into practice and those who want to protect the environment but may not have the time or the money to immediately overhaul the workplace. To work towards a greener office environment we all have to look at the resources we use and reduce the waste and pollution that is created each working day. We hope that this audit will provide solutions and guidance in creating that greener office. color the Office Online Audit The audit includes basic information on identifying environmental impacts and finding solutions.The majority of the questions will apply to all offices. Supporting Information The fact sheets provide practical information on the main topics. There are also directories of web based links to sources of further information, green office suppliers, environmental calculators. Green Office Action Plan For even more information on Greening the Office, we have produced a comprehensive easy-to-use guide, the Green Office Action Plan (GOAP). It has additional background information on all the topics (and more) included in our Online Audit.The GOAP includes practical blow-up pages, audit templates, facts and figures, green suppliers and additional sources of information. every last(predicate) information contained in the Green Office Online Audit, including details of companies, organisations, their products and services is believed to be correct at the time of initial launch in June 2003. Friends of the Earth Scotland cannot be held responsible for any services or goods offered by the companies contained in the Directory, nor do we endorse any environmental claims made by the said companies.Supply Chain Management with other Departments SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT WITH OTHER DEPARTMENTS 7. 1 INTRODUCTION A supply chain management is the hub of a large part of a companys business activity. By its very nature, it has tried to maintain neighborly relationship with all other departments in the firm, as well with the suppliers. The fountain been as it has to operate in accordance and in line with all other departments. I have tried to learn the role of supply chain with some of the departments in LG Electronics, to which a brief description I am giving below . 2 SUPPLY CHAIN AND MANUFACTURING Supply chain plays an important role in the manufacturing, because it aims at procurement of material at the decent time and through the undecomposed channels. Maintaining coordination between the two lucres off in many ways. It assists in the efforts by obtaining faster responses from the supplier, working with suppliers to improve their capabilities etc, which is generally not seen in the common scenario. Other important issue noticed is that of the information technology which have greatly simplified the relationship between the two.Use of computers and other sophisticated package product allow the firm material resources planning system to communicate seamlessly with the counterpart system at the firm suppliers. All these factors contribute a lot in reducing the direct cost and offsetting the increase in the material coast, beside s adding added benefits like of skilled machinists and expensive machine tools and other high priority work. 7. 3 SUPPLY CHAIN AND MARKETING Supply chain should be marketing best friend as it directly or indirectly affects the sales process of LG Electronics.Further in case the product is not demanded or the sale is less than in that case the supply management department can be intimated and they can further reduce the procurement of the material from the supplier. Beside this supply chain also provides immediate information regarding increase in the material price. This helps the marketing department to evaluate the effects of rises in price estimates given for the future sales quotations, on current selling price and on plans for the future product lines.As such LG Electronics emphasis that the supply chain and marketing department must wisely blend their interest in the area of customer. There should be a correlation between the two so that what ever has been advertise by the mar keting department is been produced and delivered to the customer. This is only possible when the supply chain of the organization is efficient and effective in the procurement and maintaining a regular flow of material in the organization. 7. 4 SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT AND FINANCEThe finance department of LG Electronics is charged with two principle responsibility obtaining funds and overseeing their use. Supply chain of LG is responsible for as much as 80 percentage of firms financial resources. As such the chief financial officer has a vested interest in cost efficient supply chain management. This department has some very important role to play in supply chain as it determines the amount of resources that the firm needs to procure, when to procure, what to procure etc.If this department of LG is not efficient it will not be able to make an impact on the supply chain as everything is depended upon the financial resources. Further it helps in effective investment so that the compan y does not have to pay higher price for the same material at the later stages. Further it make prompt reimbursement to supplier which ultimately helps in maintaining goodwill in the minds of the supplier and also obtaining good quality of material at lower cost. As such supply chain and the finance department should coordinate on use of goods and services that has significant impact on the firms cash position. . 5 SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT AND QUALITY In LG Electronics major emphasis is been given to quality both in terms of raw material procurement and finished goods. As such quality professionals are involved not only in maintaining quality but also undertaking the development of new products, sourcing and minimizing quality problem throughout the supply chain. 7. 6 FOUR PHASES OF SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT IN LG ELECTRONICS The four phases of supply management require many perspective and inputs best obtained through a cross functional approach.The four phases of supply management are as follows 1. GENERATION OF REQUIREMENT the generation of requirement is a critical activity that results in the identification of material to be purchased, along with the development of specification and statement of work describing the requirements. This is an important phase since most of the designing is done relating to purchasing material, service and equipment. It also takes into account the commercial issues like cost, availability, substitute and alike. 2.SOURCING- the main aim is relating to the identification and selection of the supplier whose cost, quality, technology, dependability and service best suits the needs of the firm. Thus it not only aims at identification but also in maintaining cordial relationship with them. 3. POST- AWARD ACTIVITIES- this activity ensures that the firm receives what was ordered on time and at the price and quality specified. The activities that are been included are supplier development, technical assistance, troubleshooting, and the management of contract and the resultant relationship. 4.SUPPLY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS- it is very important for a firm to have a management system. A cross functional approach to supply management allows each functional area affected by the procurement of material, equipment, and service to be involved at a point where it may contribute to the lowest total cost. For cause we take the case of operation has it in the productivity implication of different material. Although such activities do not participate early enough to voice their concern and needs. Customer Focus in Supply Chain Management CUSTOMER FOCUS IN SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT . 1 INRODUCTION Supply chain management has in recent years has acquired immense attention in the industry circle. The growing interest can be attributed to he rapid changes in the global business scenario. It has know been looked upon as an expanded responsibility to attain value optimization, and to compete on a variety of dimension such as cost, quali ty, and flexibility. As such when we focus our study towards customer we basically try to identify ? The meaning of customer in the supply chain ?The importance of customer-driven strategies The various strategies of customer satisfaction ?The imperatives for supply chain management ?The rationale of supply chain management towards customer. 8. 2 FOCUS ON CUSTOMER return Effective customer service has become a competitive requirement and a way to attract and retain customer. A focus logistics and customer service strategy is still a dream of various companies, to which LG is responding positively. The reason been the company articulated and consistent customer service goals and the logistic function within the supply chain management has dominantly remained focused.Despite all these efforts it is still trying to accomplish a complete customer service by taking into account the following ? To provide a decimal apprehensiveness of the customer requirement for each element of custom er service, like delivery, reliability, availability etc ? To measure the relative importance of each element of customer service ? To asses the performance of the company and of its major competitors for each element of customer service ? To provide an understanding of the relative significance of customer service issues related like price, product and quality.These to a higher place mentioned service can be of great benefit if properly conceived and implemented. Beside this, survey can provide a clear direction to the logistic function allowing it to focus energies on creating and managing a system that most efficiently achieve the consensus. 8. 3 CUSTOMER SEGMENTATION A helpful and very powerful tool for understanding the customer requirement is to segment them on the basis of some common characteristics. This helps the company to have a birds view about its customer. Especially in case of onsumer durable industry like LG Electronics whose focus is on understanding customer req uirement and organizing activities to serve the customer. But in the era of cut throat competition LG is trying to device new ways of grouping customer. One of these approaches is account segmentation which organizes customer into common groups based upon their common attributes. Through this approach LG is trying to identify market segment that is well positioned to serve and than organize its product and service offering to serve them in a distinctively superior way.Another way is the creative account segment which allows them to think new ways about the customer requirements. 8. 4 CUSTOMER CENTRIC SUPPLY CHAIN In the context of present scenario customer satisfaction is something that keeps on revolving in the minds of the competitors with reference to as how they could capture the market and have their dominance in terms of their product in the market. As such the focus has know shifted from product centered to customer centered because customer is considered as the king and unl ess they do not consume the products the company cannot be successfulAt times we do hear that companies are not able to mark their presence in the market in terms of their product, and if we go for the reasoning we find that there are two attributes or reasons-not keeping in mind customer requirement, and because of not having a clear statement of vision and mission. When we talk in terms of LG Electronics we find that LG because of its sound policy and practical approach is able to provide the best service in the industry besides keeping lower cost than that of its competitors.This has being possible because it has prompt a clear written statement of his mission of the supply chain which is in consistent with key corporate strategic thrust. This helps LG in attaining its target and remaining its loyalty towards its customer. These targets further acts as guidelines for designing and fine tuning the supply chain system and to track actual performance against the target that has bee n set. Know we take into consideration the various important aspects of customer service on which LG Electronics has empha surfaced and because of which it has mastered its success at the global level.These important aspects are ? Ability to fill the complete order ?Accurate documentation ?After- sales service ?Assistance with design changes ?Availability of spare parts ?Competence and availability of technical representatives 8. 5 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS Environmental factors also do have a strong bearing on the manufactures to produce goods which are acceptable to the society and are appreciated. If the factors are not taken into consideration then it would be very difficult for the company to sell its products in the market. Based upon these LG Electronics always take into consideration these factors.As such I have tried to identify these factors, which are been divided into two parts 1). extraneous Economy 2). Internal Management External Economy ?Recessionary economy ?Rising/fall ing point interest rate and condition of equity markets ? Increasing international regulations involving 1) Product Related 2) Environmental (ISO 14000/Euro II) 3) safety device ?Increasing transportation cost Internal management ?Repositioning supply chain management ? desegregation and upgrading of customer order bear on function using IT ? Computer modeling of large scale distribution system ?Pressure on inventory reductions from top management Better use of data processing capability using IT ?Experience gained from period of product shortage with lower customer shortage service levels specially in developing economies As such LG Electronics focus its attention on serving their customer the way their customer wants to be served for that it must address five important areas ? Understanding customer service needs ?Value added capabilities ?Redesign the logistic network structure and operating policies ? Identifying the performance level or the level of sufferance along with a comparison with key competitors CHAPTER SEVENRESEARCH METHODOLOGY It is a conclusive research which is based on operational procedure of LG Electronics. The finding of this project is based on qualitative data rather than quantitative data. Therefore the major finding would be dynamic in nature. The analysis of this project is presented through graphical presentation based on data collected. Some of the quantitative and qualitative method will be used as per requirement of the research work. SOURCES OF DATA collection In this study of mine I would be collecting the data through two sources, which has been as follows Primary Data . Personal interview 2. Questionnaire Secondary Data 1. Journals 2. Magazine 3. Company Bulletin 4. appear Engine Google CHAPTER EIGHT DATA ANALYSIS AND DICUSSION An Overview This chapter focus its attention on the data analysis of the responses received as a part of the questionnaire that was been filled by them. The graphical representation would also help me in proving my hypothesis which I have set in my study. Along with that I would be focusing my attention on some others aspect but they will be correlated to supply chain in some form or the other.The graphical representation would be self explanatory beside this some data in form of theory would also be written to help the reader or the jurist to understand it completely. 8. 1 Use of information technology while implementing supply chain management Information technology has always played an important role in the diversified field. When we specifically talk in terms of supply chain of LG we found that employees are willing to accept it, as responded by them in the questionnaire since it indirectly benefit them. The following diagram 1 represents the same Note N represents sample size . 2 Results delivered by supply chain This diagram 2 includes the response of basically of the middle management who are in a better position to say about the whether supply chain has delivered results to LG Electronics or not. Note N= Sample size 8. 3 Purchasing of additional software for supply chain Note N = sample size 8. 4 Application of Information Technology in supply chain Here the main reason for asking such a question is to know the application of IT with special reference to satisfaction level. Note N = sample size 8. 5 Reason for implementing supply chainWhen organizations introduce something new there is some purpose or logic behind it. In case of supply chain we have tried to figure out the context in which the concepts is implemented and the area of its greats impact. The diagram 5 represents the logic or purpose Note N= sample size 8. 6 Training to employees about supply chain In this diagram 6 we our trying to figure out the complexity involved in supply chain training or that it a simple way process. In this question I got a mixed response from the employees, because a different kind-hearted of training was provided to different employees.As such a stand ard training is not given to all the employees. Note N = sample size 8. 7 Performance response of supply chain working Note N = sample size 8. 8 Preference for the procurement of material Supply chain of LG Electronics is depended on the procurement of material. Since the material is required on a continuous basis the management of the company needs to identify the preference sources from where to procure material. Diagram 8 represents the source from where the material is taken along with percentage quantity. Note N = sample size 8. Supply chain management effect on decision making LG Electronics as researched has tried to offset a negative impact of decision on the flow of supply chain. Due emphasis is paid to see that there is no delayed action that directly or indirectly affect the supply chain. Note N = sample size CHAPTER NINE GENERAL OBSERVATION FINDING OF THE STUDY ?Supply chain management is a relatively a new subject of study, therefore should be cautiously be used in orde r to be effective ? The primary data collected revealed that employees show enthusiasm towards the new concept introduced ?The research reveals that supply chain is most effective in the procurement and distribution of goods ? The future prospects of supply chain are challenging and competitive ? The research reveals that the objective of supply chain is to achieve operational excellence ? Supply chain facilitate executives in formulating a comprehensive strategy and control framework ? Supply chain is an effective tool for increasing profitability, market share, and responsiveness SWOT Analysis of LG Electronics Strengths ?Young and Dynamic management Strong desire among the employees to improve the existing system and procedure ? Broader frame of mind of employees reflected by their acceptance of changes in their working patterns ? Companys name and its goodwill in the market. Weakness ?To much paper work is involved in the procurement of material ? Not a healthy information stora ge leading to delays in passing orders ? Too many vendors ?No specific standard for the procurement of material. Opportunities ? maturation market for consumer durables which makes an effective supply chain use ?Information technology can be effectively explored ?A field of study with lot of growth opportunities ?Increased market share delinquent to quick flow of finished products. Threats ?Not easy flow of material as desired due to increased competition ? Technological advancement is a major threat ?Numbers of competitors. CHAPTER TEN CONCLUSION Managing faster supply chain has become imperative to gain and sustain competitive advantage. The challenge of the innovational manufacturing company is to keep a holistic approach towards the management for remaining competitive on an international basis.The focus is on the increasing importance of the supply chain function to corporate competitiveness As such a study of 100 random samples of LG employees in supply department was condu cted in order to understand the effective use of supply chain management and its application in the light of information technology. Research was conducted accordingly and a favorable response was seen among the employees towards the adoption of supply chain management which can be seen from the graphical representation. The conclusion drawn is that most of the employees feel that use of information technology in supply chain would definitely going to enefit the organization in the long run. Thus the hypothesis set by me is accepted since LG do believe that information technology has important role to play in the supply chain management. Further they should form a strong customer and supplier database and underline some strategies in order to promote the supply chain and make employees aware about it. CHAPTER ELEVEN RECOMMENDATION FOR FURTHER STUDY Supply chain management is an integrated document useful for understanding the most essential business process of an enterprise and usef ul in confronting emerging challenges posed by the external environment.In my study of supply chain management in LG Electronics, I have tried to depict, supply chain in the light of information technology. That is how information technology can be a useful tool in the implementation and successful operating of supply chain. As such following are the recommendation for further study in relation to the points that needs to be focused ? To study the benefits of an integrated framework for a coordinated system working and its effective use relating to supply chain ? To study the recent developments in the field of Information Technology and its use in supply chain ?To understand the implication of various technologies on the supply chain ? To understand the significance of an environment friendly supply chain ? To understand the basic trade off involved in the selection of supply chain ? To study the benefits of being competitive through the elements of supply chain management strategy as used by. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Essential of supply chain management By Dr. R. P. Mohanty and Dr. S. G. Deshmukh 2. World class supply chain management By Burt. Dobler. Starling 3. Journal on Industrial technology 4. Journal on supply chain management 5. Company Bulletin, Magazine, newspaper 6. www. google. co. in . www. lg. com REVIEW OF LITERATURE The first view of purchasing was the material management concept. Undoubtedly this movement was accelerated by the Second World War the rapid growth of aerospace firm and the influence of military logistic. But by the end of mid 1950s, material management concept gain significance with the introduction of supply chain management. The manager of the organization felt that production control and in plant material movement was their function. As such material requirement planning was forced in the organization, to look at the entire flow of both incoming material and outgoing finished goods as a system.In between them the purchasing was caugh t with constant changing delivery dates, order and quantity etc. As such a book written by D. N. Burt represents a major bridge from material management to supply chain management. He develops cross functional team approach which is build on synergy advantage of material management but expanded it to include suppliers. Here the major possession is being on ownership cost. As such supply chain management is the upstream of the organization value chain and is responsible for ensuring that the right material service and echnology are purchased from the right source, at the right time and is directed towards the end or the ultimate user. Questionnaire 1. Which Supply Chain Management software/ regularity do you use? ?Please specify. .. .. . . 2. Did you make use of Information Technology when implementing your supply chain management software? ?Yes ?No 3. Did your supply chain software deliver the result expected or promised by the company? ?Yes ?No 4. Did your supply chain software req uire additional expenditure to customize the program to your company operation? ?Yes ?No 5.How often do you need to purchase upgrades for your supply chain software? ?Often ?Sometimes ?Rarely ?Do not purchase 6. Would you like to purchase additional software for the company? ?Yes ?No 7. How satisfied were you with the application of Information Technology in supply chain management? ?Satisfied ?Somewhat Satisfied ?Undecided ?Dissatisfied 8. What was the main reason you to implement the supply chain management? ?Planning ?Map out supply chain function ?Solve conflicting objective within supply chain