Arts Education Essay

The purpose of this bibliography is to attain information from credible sources on arts programs in schools. The goal is to provide enough information so that the reader is then able to form their own opinions on the benefits, problems, and policies on arts programs at varying levels of education. Those looking to find detailed information will find this bibliography to be a good starting point. Parsad, B. , and Spiegelman, M. 2012. Arts Education in Public Elementary and Secondary Schools: 1999–2000 and 2009–10 (NCES 2012–014). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U. S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Web. 24 Jan. 2013 This source is a presentation of unbiased information about both the overall arts education programs and specific sections including: visual arts, music, dance, and theater/drama. The report utilizes a plethora of charts, graphs, and other visual aids to help organize and present the information. Parsad and Spiegelman first present their findings on overall arts education programs including the percentages of schools offering visual arts, music, dance and theater classes. They then dedicate ten to fifteen pages discussing the particulars of each section of the arts listed above. There is so much information in this article that it would be great for someone looking for a broad spectrum understanding of arts education programs. The visual aids complement the information presented and would be easy to incorporate into a variety of works. For someone who is looking to get very specific information about a specific program then this would be a good source to start with, the way the report is divided makes it very easy to find information on a specific sections of an arts program, i. e. music or drama. It would provide the reader with enough information that they could ask their own questions and be able to look further into a specific topic. Catterall, Dumais, and Hampden-Thompson. March 2012. The arts and achievement in at-risk youth : findings from four longitudinal studies. National Endowment for the Arts. Research Report #55). Web. 24 Jan. 2013. This research report is a presentation of years of studies conducted by the National Endowment for the Arts and similar organizations, most being government funded. The authors arrange the report in such a way that the bulk of the report is given through the use of visual graphs and charts, which are accompanied by conclusive statements like â€Å"Teenagers and young adult s of low socioeconomic status (SES) who have a history of in-depth arts involvement show better academic outcomes than do low-SES youth who have less arts involvement. They earn better grades and demonstrate higher rates of college enrollment and attainment. † (12) Most of the graphs simply relate percentages of students with low and high levels of art engagement to achieve certain things like high school graduation, entering a bachelors program, and attaining a steady professional level career. For every study and graph presented or reviewed there is clearly cited sources, if any confusion remains the appendix and cited pages are very clear about how to find more information. Being that this is a report of findings from a national organization it is not biased to or for support of arts programs. For anyone looking for specific statistics to use in a presentation or report of their own, this research report could be very helpful. As previously stated the bulk of the information is presented through graphs and charts that utilize percentages, and is therefore very easy to take and use in a presentation without having to do much work yourself. For someone looking for a more scholarly breakdown of the benefits of arts education on high-risk students this report will not be as helpful, as it would be time consuming to trace the information presented back to the original sources. Dwyer, M.Christine. 2011. Reinvesting in Arts Education: Winning America’s Future through Creative Schools. President’s Committee on the Arts and the Humanities. Web. 24 Jan. 2013. The reports emphasizes the essential role that arts education programs play in improving student engagement and building creativity. Dwyer discusses, in a lengthy and wordy overview, the current Arts Education programs and policies shortcomings. â€Å"It is widely agreed that the U. S. public education system is not adequately serving a significant portion of our nation’s children and that public K-12 schools must change dramatically o achieve the Administration’s goal that the United States become a global leader in postsecondary attainment by 2020†¦ School leaders and teachers will need to step up to the challenge of finding new ways to engage many more students in meaningful learning†¦ † (27) More importantly, this report discusses possible solutions such as reinvesting in arts education, and argues for creating arts-rich schools that can engage students in ways that complement the study of the arts and other traditional subjects such as literature, history, science, and mathematics. Another key takeaway from this report is it shows readers the link between arts education and achievement in other subjects. Being that this source is a report by the President’s Committee on the Arts and the Humanities, it attempts to present evidence to support the positions of the president and his corresponding political party. As political and wordy as this report is it would most likely benefit someone looking into the politics side of arts education, it would not be as helpful for someone looking for developmental and long term benefits of art involvement in schools. Rabkin, Hedberg. 2011. Arts Education in America: What the Declines Mean for Arts Participation. Based on the 2008 Survey of Public Participation in the Arts. National Endowment for the Arts. (Research Report #52). Web. 24 Jan. 2013. This report presents its findings after researching important question related to arts education in America. Questions like: Has participation in arts programs declined? What does it mean for teachers and students? How has this affected participation in other extracurricular activities? How does this affect support for programs? The article presents the questions to the reader and then follows up with information that supports both positive and negative claims about the answer. Charts are used when needed to simplify information into an easily digestible visual aid. There are numerous sources used as evidence for the information presented, as well as suggestions for further investigation into the questions presented. This report has a very neutral stance towards the information presented. There is good information presented for varying arguments and the ultimate decision is left to the reader. This source would be a fair report to use in a work, especially if in an argumentative essay you need information for the view that opposes yours. However for someone looking for highly specific information this report will only be useful for an introduction into the questions being asked about the national education programs. Oxtoby, David W. 2012. The Place of Arts in Liberal Education. Liberal Education, v98 n2 p36-41 Spr 2012. Oxtoby uses a great deal of logic to explain his opinion on the place of arts in liberal education and he uses statistics to support his views. In his article, he states that diversity in the curriculum is a keystone to success in any liberal education program. He also claims that part of that diversity needs to include a program where students can express their creativity. Being able to express their creativity and the stimulation provided by arts programs lead to more successful students, both in academics, community involvement, and professional work environments. This article is a good source of simple and sound logic in support of arts programs being included in all liberal education. Oxtoby’s statements and presentation of the information is biased towards supports arts programs, but he always includes evidence to support his ideas. Also, while he does not approve of excluding arts in liberal education there is never any negativity in his statements, only more supporting evidence for his ideas. Some readers will find this article to be dry and uninteresting unless they already have some knowledge and opinions on the place of arts in education programs.

Production of Chalks out of Seashells

Background of the StudyMore people used to collect seashells for fun and for past time. They made decorations, jewelries and even accessories for a doll out of it. But aside from those things, seashell can also made into a much useful thing. We are aware that education is the most powerful key for us to succeed. And to support this, we need some facilities and materials for us to make it easier and clearer. Of course, there is already some modernized equipment, but still, for those hopeless countries and people who also want to be sent in school, even a worst facility matters. We already have whiteboards that just need markers and projectors as the most modernized. But still, the origin of those is just a simple blackboard and a piece of chalk. So the researcher will conduct this study to find out if seashells can be used in making a durable chalk.Statement of the ProblemAlmost all commercialized or local products’ price is continuously increasing. And this is a big aspect to be considered in schooling. Some of the schools don’t have enough support from government and this thing brings difficulties for students. General ObjectiveThis study primarily aims to find out if seashells can be used in making chalk. Specific Objective1. To determine if seashells are effectiveness of seashells in chalk making. Hypotheses1. There is significance difference between our product, chalk from sea shells and the leading commercial one.2. There is significance difference between experimental chalk from sea shells and commercial one in terms of quality and durability.Significance of the Study This study opens another way for people to be able to save and make chalks that is much durable and long-lasting use that will take part in this study. The study was conducted as a remedy for the common problem of spending much in. And it also helps us to gain money when you make this as your business affair. We can also make some raw materials that we thought to be useless, tr ansformed into a much useful and more powered thing.Scope and Delimitations of the Study This study is focused on designing and producing alternative chalks. It also deals with the assessment of its actual advantages as compared to some commercialized one. The qualities and quantities data obtained in the testing of the product against the control were limited to 3 tests only.Definition of Terms Seashells- the shell of marine animal and especially a mollusk. (Merriam-Webster Dictionary)Cassava – also called manioc, yucca, balinghoy, mogo, mandioca, kamoteng kahoy, tapioca-root (predominantly in India) and manioc root, a woody shrub of the Euphorbiaceae (spurge) family native to South America, is extensively cultivated as an annual crop in tropical and subtropical regions for its edible starchy tuberous root, a major source of carbohydrates. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassava)Chalk- is a soft, white, porous sedimentary rock, a form of limestone composed of the mineral calci te. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalk)Review of Related LiteratureA seashell is the common name for a hard, protective outer layer, a shell, or in some cases a â€Å"test†, that was created by a sea creature, a marine organism. The shell is part of the body of a marine animal, in most cases the exoskeleton, usually that of an animal without a backbone, an invertebrate. The word seashell is often used to refer only to the shells of marine mollusks, i.e. mollusk shells, but it can also be used to mean the  shells of a wide variety of marine animals from different phyla. For helpful introductory articles, see marine invertebrates and marine biology. Seashells are commonly found in beach drift, natural detritus deposited along strand lines on beaches by the waves and the tides. Shells are very often washed up onto a beach empty and clean, the animal having already died, and the soft parts having rotted away or having been eaten by either predators or scavengers. Empty seashel ls are often found by beachcombers, and collecting these shells is a harmless hobby or study.However, the majority of seashells which are offered for sale commercially have been collected alive (often in bulk) and then killed and cleaned, specifically for the commercial trade. This type of exploitation can sometimes have a strong negative impact on the distribution of rarer species, and on local ecosystems. Many other kinds of sea animals have exoskeletons or shells which may, after death, wash up on the beach and may be picked up by beachcombers; these include remains from species in other invertebrate phyla, such as the molted shells or exuviae of crabs and lobsters, the shells of barnacles, horseshoe crab shells, sea urchin and sand dollar tests, brachiopod shells, and the shells of marine annelid worms in the family Serpulidae, which create calcareous tubes.Methods and Materials Tools and Materials The tools and materials that will be used in this study are seashells, cassava, m ortar and pestle, grater, oven toaster, bowl and cloth.Research DesignGeneral ProcedureFirst, the researcher will collect sea shells from the sea shore or left-over shell viands, and cassava. After that, the shells will be pulverized until it becomes fine as powder and set aside in a container. The cassava will be grated and squeezed its juice using cloth. Separate the liquid from its residue, mix the residue of the extracted cassava and the pulverized seashells. Add a small amount of water at the right ratio of the quantity of  the mixture. Mold the mixture into different shapes and sizes according to your desire. Place it under the sun and wait until it dries up and is ready to be used. ï » ¿Production of Chalks out of Seashells Background of the StudyMore people used to collect seashells for fun and for past time. They made decorations, jewelries and even accessories for a doll out of it. But aside from those things, seashell can also made into a much useful thing. We are aware that education is the most powerful key for us to succeed. And to support this, we need some facilities and materials for us to make it easier and clearer.Of course, there is already some modernized equipment, but still, for those hopeless countries and people who also want to be sent in school, even a worst facility matters. We already have whiteboards that just need markers and projectors as the most modernized. But still, the origin of those is just a simple blackboard and a piece of chalk. So the researcher will conduct this study to find out if seashells can be used in making a durable chalk.Statement of the ProblemAlmost all commercialized or local products’ price is continuously increasing. And this is a big aspect to b e considered in schooling. Some of the schools don’t have enough support from government and this thing brings difficulties for students.General ObjectiveThis study primarily aims to find out if seashells can be used in making chalk.Specific Objective 1. To determine if seashells are effectiveness of seashells in chalk making. Hypotheses1. There is significance difference between our product, chalk from sea shells and the leading commercial one.2. There is significance difference between experimental chalk from sea shells and commercial one in terms of quality and durability.Significance of the StudyThis study opens another way for people to be able to save and make chalks that is much durable and long-lasting use that will take part in this study. The study was conducted as a remedy for the common problem of spending much in. And it also helps us to gain money when you make this as your business affair. We can also make some raw materials that we thought to be useless, trans formed into a much useful and more powered thing.Scope and Delimitations of the StudyThis study is focused on designing and producing alternative chalks. It also deals with the assessment of its actual advantages as compared to some commercialized one.The qualities and quantities data obtained in the testing of the product against the control were limited to 3 tests only.Definition of TermsSeashells- the shell of marine animal and especially a mollusk. (Merriam-Webster Dictionary)Cassava – also called manioc, yucca, balinghoy, mogo, mandioca, kamoteng kahoy, tapioca-root (predominantly in India) and manioc root, a woody shrub of the Euphorbiaceae (spurge) family native to South America, is extensively cultivated as an annual crop in tropical and subtropical regions for its edible starchy tuberous root, a major source of carbohydrates. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassava)Chalk- is a soft, white, porous sedimentary rock, a form of limestone composed of the mineral calcite. (h ttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalk)Review of Related LiteratureA seashell is the common name for a hard, protective outer layer, a shell, or in some cases a â€Å"test†, that was created by a sea creature, a marine organism. The shell is part of the body of a marine animal, in most cases the exoskeleton, usually that of an animal without a backbone, an invertebrate. The word seashell is often used to refer only to the shells of marine mollusks, i.e. mollusk shells, but it can also be used to mean the  shells of a wide variety of marine animals from different phyla.For helpful introductory articles, see marine invertebrates and marine biology. Seashells are commonly found in beach drift, natural detritus deposited along strand lines on beaches by the waves and the tides. Shells are very often washed up onto a beach empty and clean, the animal having already died, and the soft parts having rotted away or having been eaten by either predators or scavengers. Empty seashells are often found by beachcombers, and collecting these shells is a harmless hobby or study. However, the majority of seashells which are offered for sale commercially have been collected alive (often in bulk) and then killed and cleaned, specifically for the commercial trade.This type of exploitation can sometimes have a strong negative impact on the distribution of rarer species, and on local ecosystems. Many other kinds of sea animals have exoskeletons or shells which may, after death, wash up on the beach and may be picked up by beachcombers; these include remains from species in other invertebrate phyla, such as the molted shells or exuviae of crabs and lobsters, the shells of barnacles, horseshoe crab shells, sea urchin and sand dollar tests, brachiopod shells, and the shells of marine annelid worms in the family Serpulidae, which create calcareous tubes.Methods and Materials Tools and Materials The tools and materials that will be used in this study are seashells, cassava, mortar a nd pestle, grater, oven toaster, bowl and cloth.Research DesignGeneral ProcedureFirst, the researcher will collect sea shells from the sea shore or left-over shell viands, and cassava. After that, the shells will be pulverized until it becomes fine as powder and set aside in a container. The cassava will be grated and squeezed its juice using cloth. Separate the liquid from its residue, mix the residue of the extracted cassava and the pulverized seashells. Add a small amount of water at the right ratio of the quantity of the mixture. Mold the mixture into different shapes and sizes according to your desire. Place it under the sun and wait until it dries up and is ready to be used.Figure 1 Procedural DesignThe sea shells will be gathered from Baybay in Roxas City.

Cat’s Organizational Structure

Caterpillar’s Organizational Structure Caterpillar is a corporation that designs, manufactures and sells diesel and natural gas engines, construction, and mining equipment. Since the year 1905 Caterpillar has been a corporation that has evolved by making significant improvements to its machinery by taking advantage of the available technology, and it has had the ability to adapt to the dynamic changes and demands of the construction industry. Many significant events have occurred in this business to make this company what it is nowadays, a very prestigious and successful company around the world.In the year 1906 in San Francisco California, when one of the most significant earthquakes took place, the company made a remarkable use of its machinery by helping with the clean-up of such disaster. Soon enough the company made a contribution to Europe, years before War World I started, 1200 tractors were shipped to England, France, and Russia for agricultural purposes; however, thes e governments sent those tractors to the frontline and put them to work halting artillery and supplies.Consequently they served as an inspiration for the British government to invent the tank, for they borrowed the track laying principle to provide the tank with its form of locomotion. Caterpillar has become the number one company in its industry with more than $70 billion is assets; these important achievements could have only been accomplished with a well-defined and functional organizational structure. Legal Form of Organization Caterpillar is an organization that has the legal form of a corporation with more than $ 70 billion in assets. The main shareholders of the corporation are Vanguard group Inc. State Street Global Advisors Ltd. , and Fidelity Management and Research Company with 30,863,961, 16,637,962, and 12,216,827 shares held respectively. Key activities of organization Every year as many other corporations, Caterpillar does a deeply study of the actual situation of the company, and set its goals and strategies to maintain the corporation afloat and to improve their competence in the market. 1. The company’s expectations for the year 2020 are to be recognized as a leader around the globe, also it is very important for the company that their products help their customers succeed in their business uch as construction, agriculture, and mining. They are very focused in making their distribution system a competitive advantage to the company, the business’ financial performance to reward consistently their stockholders, and their personnel to live their set of values which are integrity, excellence, teamwork, and commitment. These objectives are vital for the company to succeed and keep being the leaders of the industry. 2. The SWOT indicated the areas that might endanger the company’s situation : i. Weaknesses: The increasing debt of the company: Caterpillar Inc. is rated second in total debt among competitors.The total debt of the industry is about $ 123. 53 billion. (See Figure 1) Caterpillar represents about 29% of the total debt with $ 35. 96 billion. Fig. 1. Caterpillar Total Debt, company’s debt consists of 29. 11 % of total debt of industry. Macroaxis Inc. Total Debt Breakdown for Caterpillar, 2012. . ii. Threats: * Intense competitive pressures: Caterpillar shares the market with many other companies, and it faces a tough competition to maintain their leading position. Deree and Co, Komatsu Ltd, Kubota Corporation are a few companies in the industry. Environmental regulations: Mining operations dependent upon material prices and political stability. * Foreign exchange and interest rate fluctuations 3. Values are really important issue in every company; without them the daily operations of the company could become a weakness, and advantage for competitors. As Caterpillar’s code of conduct mentions, the main focus in this area is shown in the following chart (see fig. 2). Fig. 2. Caterpill ar Inc. Values’ Chart Patterns of Departmentation Caterpillar if organized by a corporate governance structure with theChairman of the board executing the Role of Chief Executive Officer (CEO). A completely independent Board of Directors conformed by members outside the company (non-employees). The CEO oversees five group presidents. These groups of presidents supervise twenty-five vice presidents who are in control facilities, geographical regions, marketing regions and four service centers (see fig. 3). Fig. 3. Caterpillar’s Organizational structure. The Official Board. Orgeanizational Chart Caterpillar, April 3, 2012. .As we can see in the table, the corporation does not rely heavily in management levels; instead the chain of command is not very tall; which makes very dynamic the flowing of ideas and orders from Directors to line and production managers. This decentralized structure that took place in the early 1900’s was a key strategy to get closer to custo mers and satisfy more efficiently to their needs. The actual structure of the company is a clear insicator of how the company evolves constantly with the industy; the leadership understand the importance of being constantly involved with the employees at all levels.In the year 2004, the back then vice president of the company Christioano V Schena; shared an interesting story that demonstrated the effectiveness and results that good management can do for the Company. Christiano was sent to Caterpillar inc in Braxil as general manager of the company to deal with many problems the company was facing at that moment. In 1996, a big percentage of the products manufactured at that facility, were missing parts resulting in missed shiping deadlines; making the customers many unhappy with the service.As a result the company was not only loosing sales, but was inefficient sfixing all the problems this enificiency created and wmployees were working overtime and air- shipping parts to complete t he products. Christiano understood that the main problem was that employees had no sense of direction and were not motivated enough; they did not feel any connection with previous leaders which kept them in the shadow of the main mission of the company. He soon began to think and put in practice strategies to change this situation.He started by learning the local language, dor he understood there could not be a sentation of connection between leaders and subordinates in they can’t even speak the same language. He also learned the regional culture and realized that soccer was an important item in their lives. He started to compare the startegies and goals on the company with the strategies and goals of soccer. As the company started to improve and deliver in a much better manner, he was able to get all employees involved in the current performance and actual situation of the company.Employees were very motivated of belonging to a winning team and therefore performed better. He believed when employees are accountable for something, and they are given the tools they need to deliver on those accountabilities, they will do it better. As a result of this strategic planning procces, the employees transformed the business to such a level that in the year 1999 they received the Operational Excellence certification award, and the Premio Nacional Da Qualidade which is the Brazil’s equivalent of the U.S. Malcom Baldridge Award. Thorught this process Chistano also was able to recognize that the poor economical situation of the community surrounding tha company was a factor that threated the success of the company. The crime and low educational level of the area were a factor that limited the growth of the company. The team soon developed a strategy that involved in the effort of other entrepreneurs, CEOs and media leaders, to help the city in orther to attract talented people there. TeamCaterpillar is a global company that keeps constantly expanding across ma ny countries. The company operates hundreds of offices and facilities around the world and has more than 100,000 employees. Teamwork is a must, and there are technicians and engineers working in research, testing and development of new technology for the company in various countries. China, The Philippines, Singapore, and England are just a few of the countries where this company is conducting business in the present.With all these different facilities being located at different places, becomes very difficult to maintain the traditional face to face working environment; therefore, they rely heavily in technology to communicate ideas and coordinate operations from distance. Virtual teams are a must since engineers working at different time zones and places have to communicate their problems, ideas, and projects to achieve their respective task. In figure 4, we can see all the locations that at the present are being operated by the company. Fig. 4. Caterpillar currently operation worl dwide. Worldwide locations, Caterpillar Inc. 012. . Impact of information revolution As a technological company Caterpillar has an advantage over other companies that are not technological based. To keep the constant growth of the company, Caterpillar invests a great amount of capital in the research and development of new and better equipment and technology. Some of the current research projects of the company include ACERT technology in their engines which not only reduces emissions but also does it without affecting performance, reliability, and fuel efficiency.Mining technology and autonomous robotics are also being incorporated to this important step towards the future. All these purposes cannot be accomplished without proper training of their personnel. There are many programs that caterpillar is financing to train their employees and future employees as well. The company is really focused in training its personnel to increase their technical abilities and competence in the m arket. These programs are created for college graduates and could be applied in different areas of study.At the moment the company prefers aspirants with Bachelor’s degrees in Supply Chain Management, Industrial Distribution Management, Business Management, and Engineering. Some of these capacitation programs include: * Leadership and Technical Development Program. * Information Technology Development Program. * Human Resources Professional Development Program. * Logistics Professional Development Program. References Morningstar. Major Shareholders. Retrieved from http://investors. morningstar. com/ownership/shareholders-major. html? t=CAT . Wikipedia. Caterpillar Inc. Retrieved from http://en. ikipedia. org/wiki/Caterpillar_Inc. Macroaxis. Total Debt Breakdown for Caterpillar. Retrieved from http://www. macroaxis. com/invest/ratio/CAT–Total_Debt. Yousigma. Caterpillar Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT). Retrieved from http://www. yousigma. com/com parativeanalysis/caterpillar. html. Morningstar. Industry Peers CAT. Retrieved from http://financials. morningstar. com/competitors/industry-peer. action? t=CAT®ion=USA&culture=en_US. The Official Board. Caterpillar’s Organizational Structure. Retrieved from http://www. theofficialboard. com/org-chart/caterpillar.

Uncalculated Risks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Uncalculated Risks - Essay Example The above issue takes centre stage as to why licensing is not a compulsory issue for drilling engineers, while the aeronautical industry requires that all engineers in its field be licensed. In addition, the experience of these engineers is in question following the lack of need to attend classes for academic qualification. Rather than this, all that is required is experience, and this does not allow the engineers to make sound decisions, as they cannot calculate the cost of their negligence or lack of knowledge of the technicalities involved. As such, further concerns come up as to whether having licensed engineers would culminate in responsible conduct and decision making at drilling rigs. The exemption of licensing for these engineers is to be thought of again and a sound decision made regardless of the political pressure involved. The practice of exempting drilling engineers from getting licensing stands to be unethical owing to the lack of accountability to the public and that the said persons cannot stand prosecution. This is because if they are accountable, their accountability is only owed to their employers and the shareholders of the said company for which they work. In addition, the lack of licenses for engineers points to their ability to get away with their mistakes and failures to follow standard operating procedures that have been approved. Mitigation practices would entail passing legislation that cuts across the board on a federal scale rather than state law. This is to ensure that in light of public concerns and their safety, all engineers have undergone training and are licensed. This allows employers to distinguish clearly between unscrupulous persons masquerading as engineers, while they are not willing to take responsibility for their actions as they lack qualifications to comprehend the gravity of their mistakes. As such, having a central

Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 43

Case Study Example The current trends in the dog food category show that continued expansion of the industry is anticipated in the future, There are various ways in which dog food category can be segmented. For instance, it can be segmented into low price segment, mainstream segment, and the premium segment. The low price segment feature brands such private label, the mainstream segment feature brands such as Pedigree and Alpo while the premium feature brands such as Purina One and Iams. Of the three segments, the premium segment is believed to be of the highest quality followed by the mainstream segment and finally the low price segment. The price charged on a brand is largely dependent on the segment in which it belongs. Dog food brands from the premium segment are the most expensive among the three segments. Brand marketing has proven to be among the best business tactics in the dog food industry.  In  essence.  Brand marketing gives a company competitive advantage over the competitors. The influencers of brand purchasing of dog food are the dog owners. Some dog owners favor certain dog food brands and, therefore, they cannot buy other brands. In addition, the purchasing power of the dog owners influences brand purchasing decisions. In essence, sometimes dog owners are obliged to purchase a particular brand by their financial status. However, the trend is changing since with time the dogs eating habit have proven to influence brand purchasing decision. Some people enjoy watching their dogs eat. In this regard, they would by a brand that the dog favors. In other words, dog owners  would buy the brand the dog enjoys to eat. Some dog owners have attested that their dogs only eat certain food brand. A recent study has shown that the levels of brand loyalty have grown high due to various factors. For instance, research has shown that quality affects consumers’ loyalty to a particular brand. Brand designing and

IT in Hotels and Resorts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

IT in Hotels and Resorts - Essay Example To enable us to come to a conclusion whether IT is a blessing in disguise for hotels else if it is destroying the service within hotels, it is important that the benefits and drawbacks of IT in the hospitality sector are discussed. The next section focuses on the benefits and drawbacks of IT on the hospitality sector. Technology is shaping our world. It has become a part of everyone’s lives and it rules almost every action of ours. The hospitality industry being such a massive industry also needs to be aware of the latest technological developments. Every year there is an event held called HITEC the worlds best and unbeatable hospitality technological event! This event is for all hoteliers to meet up with their fellow hoteliers and to attend sessions held by industry experts. These sessions that are held are to help attendees learn the basics and make them informed buyers. The main idea of the event is to give hoteliers an exposure to the latest technologies, products and services from over 300 companies. The event is generally held somewhere between mid to late June. This years even has brought about a very interesting innovation was addressed, the progressive hotels are now willing to engage online and trying their best to gain as many customers as possible and make their stay as comfort able as possible(Mce, 2008). There have been several technological developments in the hospitality sector. Some of these developments go unnoticed by customers since they are mainly used for management purposes and operational purposes. However there are a lot of other developments which can be appreciated by the customers since it directly relates to customer experience. The developments have been many, from changing of a regular door key to a key card, to implementation of Customer Relationship Management (CRM) systems to ensure complete comfort for the customer (Schweisberger & Chatterjee, 2001). It is very clear that technology has in

Social Media Users in Finland and Poland Assignment

Social Media Users in Finland and Poland - Assignment Example In July 2012, during the 16 International Christian Internet Congress staged in Munich, the attending church representatives unanimously agreed there was need for Christian organizations to boost their internet connective and interaction through social media. The outcome of the Munich conference was later discussed by Christian leaders in Finland in their annual meeting. Although only 35% of Finnish Christians use Facebook and other social sites, churches had lost more forty thousand faithful in less than four months. This served as an indication of how important social media are in wooing loyalist including fundamentalist. Churches therefore saw the need to retain their flocks by going socially online. It is from then that religious institutions adjusted their marketing strategy. Churches went ahead to appoint a team of delegates to investigate the role of social media in the modern society and also respond onslaught of social media criticisms. Instead, churches in Finland and the r est of Europe proposed new ways of positively using social media to preach the gospel and win new converts. Churches therefore launched an interactive social websites where their followers can post comments, videos, blogs, and pictures which would encourage other website followers. However, because of increasing cases of hacking, churches were forced to deploy experts and administrators to manage and integrate their sites (Scott, & Scott, 2011, p.63-4). The increasing use of online and digital communication technologies.... From political, corporate, to religious, all the organizations currently embrace social networks or media. Churches across Finland and Poland were surveyed on their how active to they use social media as a marketing base. The result polled by Buzzplant marketing agency revealed that these institutions often used social media to popularize themselves. Even millennium old institutions were found to have joined social network train. The survey covered about 250 churches in Finland on their position towards social media. Surprisingly, the finding of the survey established that religious institutions strongly believed on the effectiveness of social media form of outreach (Scott, 2010, p.89). Over forty six percent of the respondents indicated their preference of social media as an effective way of reaching out to their followers with only 25% of them preferring knocking on the door, and 6% indicating that TV is a better way of gaining numbers. Similar to Poland, Facebook and twitter were the most popular social networks for a large number of religious followers. This was evidence by the frequency at which these churches updated their Facebook or twitter pages on a daily account (Armfield, & Holbert, 2003, p.129). In July 2012, during the 16 International Christian Internet Congress staged in Munich, the attending church representatives unanimously agreed there was need for Christian organizations to boost their internet connective and interaction through social media. The outcome of the Munich conference was later discussed by Christian leaders in Finland in their annual meeting. Although only 35% of Finnish Christians use Facebook and other social sites, churches had lost more forty thousand faithful in less than four months. This served as an indication of how

Explain why you feel college students do or don not benefits from Essay

Explain why you feel college students do or don not benefits from participation in extracurricular activities - Essay Example There are numerous oppurtunities to suit individual tastes and requirements. It is better to be sincerely involved and dedicated to one or two activities rather than be a ‘Jack of all trades and master of none’. Academics are the most important and a student should maintain a balance between the academics and the extra curricular activities. College still want good academic results although a lot of importance is laid on the other activities. Admission officers believe that what you do says a lot about you. Your academic mark sheet give details about your studies but the write up on your extra –curricular activities tell them of the sort of person you are. Every human being has hidden talents which need a platform to evoke from within. Such activities provide an excellent opportunity to realize your own strengths and perhaps even weaknesses. Different academic clubs and societies within the campus help students to work within a group and understand the group dynamics. For instance, for one who is the only child at home, interacting and working with others in a group teaches patience and adjustments. It has been found that students who are involved in extra curricular activities perform better in studies, have a pleasing nature, can relate better with the peer group. It instills in them a sense of confidence. It teaches them how to carry themselves in life. Employers these days lay a lot of stress on extra curricular activities as it ensures the all-round growth of a student. In conclusion I would like to state that life beyond academics only helps to enhance the personality of a student, provided he/she is selective. It empowers a student to make his own decisions. It helps him gain vital experience and skills necessary to guide him into his future path. So participate, bloom and shine! Let your extra curricular activities speak volumes about

English- Questions & Letter Writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

English- Questions & Letter Writing - Essay Example Pathos refers to an appeal to emotions as a means of persuasion. Finally, logos refers to an appeal to reasoning as a means of convincing another person. One real world example where these three components occur concomitantly is in Presidential speeches. At the recent Republican Convention Mitt Romney incorporated these elements in his speech to the convention. In this way, Romney uses ethos frequently by referring to his strong ethical responsibility as a life-long Mormon and God devoted individual. Additionally, he refers to having saved the Salt Lake City Olympics as a means of establishing ethical responsibility and devotion to America. Romney implemented pathos in a variety of ways. Perhaps the most prominent way pathos is implemented is by referring to notions of American Exceptionalism. Romney plays on Americans’ belief that their country is the greatest in the world and indicates that if re-elected he will be the one to restore it to this prominence. Additionally, Romn ey indicates that by voting for Barack Obama America will continue to regress into mediocrity. Another ethos element Romney implemented was the importance of having jobs to ensure that Americans are able to live full and healthy lives; in in these regards he plays on emotional fear that unless he is elected America will remain in recession and jobs will not be plentiful. The final element implemented by Mitt Romney is logos. Romney used logos in his speech in a variety of ways. Perhaps the most prominent way logos was implemented was through his reasoning that as a successful businessman he would be able to turn the American economy around. The reasoning in this notion is that he would run America like a business. Another way he implemented logos was through arguing that American must stop running up the debt and spending. The reasoning here is that it is not safe for a country in financial troubles to continue to incur debt. 3. Induction and deduction are different elements. Induct ion refers to reasoning that collects information from specific examples and uses this information to reach a conclusion. This process is also referred to as inductive reasoning. Induction is contrasted with deduction, however, in that deduction generalizes from premises. In this way induction reaches its conclusion from actual examples, whereas deduction generalizes from premises. 4. Dear Professor Takai, I read your article and found it interesting. Specifically, the article discusses the stereotype of Asians as the model minority. The article argued that since society has positioned Asians as the model minority, individuals have considered that African Americans should also have achieved a level of success. Instead, your article considers that Asians Americans have not achieved the high levels of success that they have been purported to have gained. In establishing these points you note a number of statistical information. Your first major argument is that the statistical informa tion that exists about incomes is misleading because Asian Americans live in areas where the cost of living and income levels are higher. You then argue that while many Asian Americans make higher wages, it is because they work longer hours and gain higher levels of education. Another point you make is that the notion of there being a ‘model minority’ homogenizes all Asians into one group rather than highlighting their

Womens football In England Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Womens football In England - Essay Example This misconceived myth is found to be fairly perpetuated in various football related matters such as club ownership, the coaching personnel involved, the players as well as in several ancillary industries such as the sporting press (Williams, 2003). Women’s football in England cannot be regarded as being a new sport. Historical evidence has shown that there was a representative football match back in 1895 between two women’s football teams drawn from the North and South of London (Hong and Mangan, 2012). During this match, the women that had been drawn from the North of London managed to win the game with a score margin of 7-1 (Grainey, 2012). From the very advent of the sport, women had constantly come under very close scrutiny as a result of the uniform that they were essentially to wear when playing the game. Most of the original orthodox jerseys that these women were essentially made of basic attire and usually comprised of loose blouses and knickers. Although this initial game was relatively highly attended, most of the media was quick to denounce it claiming that the quality of football that was being played by women was definitely poor (Williams, 2003). Criticism for this game was also seen to be expressed by the British Medical Journal which claimed that they could not in any way the needless exposure to violence that the organs of these women players were exposed to during the game although common experience had keenly taught these women to protect these organs (Reilly, Cabri and Araujo, 2005). The number of spectators attending these women’s football games was seen to gradually decrease over time and the press was seen to take great pleasure in proclaiming that the novelty of women playing football had gradually worn off. During the WWI era, as more men were drafted into fighting for the war, women were seen to enter the workforce in large numbers and these women factory workers formed various football teams based on the factories where they worked. This new trend was seen to be actively encouraged by the political establishment who saw it as an avenue that would show that the entire country was essentially functioning normally despite the war (Magee et al, 2007). The various matches played by these factory organized women’s football teams were usually for charities designed to aid in the raising of funds for helping the injured soldiers. The most successful of these factory based teams was the Dick Kerr factory team (Dunmore, 2011). This team won most of its matches and its manager organized for them to play a match against the French National team (Murray, 1998). The Ban on Women Football Due to the support that the Dick Kerr Ladies football team offered the mine workers by playing games to raise money for the striking mine workers after the events of Black Friday where the miners refused to accept the proposed 50% pay cut that was being imposed on them by the mine-owners (Williams, 2007). The gover nment saw this as essentially being a political act, and started a propaganda campaign designed to end women’s football in the country. In December 1921, the Football Association released a press statement in which it denounced women’s football claiming that there had been a wide array of various complaints brought before it ranging from the use of the funds that were usually raised by the games to the conditions under which some of the games had been played (Brackenridge et al, 2005). To further cripple the women’s sport, the FA also prevented all their linesmen as well as referees from officiating in any of these women matches, they also prevented clubs associated with the

Success of Native Americans Essay Example for Free

Success of Native Americans Essay The authors of the article aimed to decipher the factors that contribute or hinder the academic success of Native Americans attending American universities at the freshman year level. Specifically, they directed their study on the relationship between the culture of Native Americans to their academic grade point average, or GPA. They theorized that Native Americans who conformed to the beliefs, values and interests of Caucasians had higher GPA’s than Native Americans who hold on to their cultural beliefs, values, interests and traditions. The study was conducted in the fall of 1998 where 48 Native Americans participated in a series of examinations designed to ascertain how well the participants are able to conform to Caucasian American culture. The results of the tests are compared to the high school GPA’s and Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) scores of the participants. The results of the study showed that there is a direct relationship between how well Native Americans conform to the Caucasian American culture and their high school GPA’s and SAT scores. It revealed that Native Americans who have strong ties to their own cultures have lower high school GPA’s and SAT scores compared to those who have assimilated the beliefs, values and interests of Caucasians. Although the study conducted by the authors only had a small sample of participants, their findings were supported by studies done by other authors. One study had linked to conflicts brought about by the differences in the traditions, beliefs, values and interests between Native Americans and Caucasians have caused many Native Americans to drop out from universities, widening the gap in academic success between the two cultural groups. The authors concluded based on the information obtained from their independent study and studies carried out by other authors that the cultural background of a student plays a significant role in achieving success in their academic life. Based on this conclusion, the authors recommended that in order for Native American to succeed academically, steps must be taken to help them understand the Caucasian American culture and its importance in their academic life, specifically in university studies. The authors also stated that since the conclusion and recommendation made are based on their independent studies and related review materials, they encourage further research be done to fully comprehend the academic achievement gap between these two cultures in order to ensure that the proper measures are done to close this gap. This article was to my liking since most academic achievement gaps studies between Caucasians and minority groups concentrated on African American, Hispanic and Asian cultures. As what was mentioned in the article, more research must be done to evaluate and address the academic achievement gap between Native Americans and Caucasians. Although the findings of the study is disturbing, it had also made me aware that biases towards the Caucasian culture in the academic world may be the cause for the growing academic achievement gap between Caucasians and other culture groups. Today, our universities are seeing an increase in the diversity of students enrolling, partly in line with universities encouraging diversity in their student population. However, it is apparent that the only way to succeed in an American university, a student from another cultural group must assimilate the â€Å"American† culture. This revelation based on this study contradicts universities’ claim that they encourage diversity in their student population.

Quality Management Worldwide Total Quality Management Essay Example for Free

Quality Management Worldwide Total Quality Management Essay For more than four decades after independence the companies in India enjoyed a protected market with virtually no competition, and some of them even monopolised the market, with customers having little or no choice. As a result complacency set in, and no pressure existed for improvement or change. However, the policy of globalization and liberalization adopted by the Indian Government five years ago, has hrown open new avenues and challenges to companies in India. The new policy has resulted in open doors through which global corporate players have entered the Indian markets, and are threatening the domestic manufacturers and suppliers, using quality as a weapon. This has compelled the managers of local companies to look for those tools and techniques, proven and tested, which would help them to maintain and improve their strategies and positions in the market. One such policy or philosophy that has captured the attention of industry and the business community is TQM. Particularly, in the recent years TQM is even regarded as bsolutely essential for growth, stability, and prosperity. This paper has the main intention of presenting an overview of TQMs progress in the country, starting from its initiation to its current status. Besides, the paper also describes how the organizational attempts by various agencies enabled the establishment of a TQM culture. Further, these attempts are presented in a chronological order, to appreciate the role played by various agencies, which resulted in growth and propagation of TQM in India. Towards the end, the gaps that still exist and hence the efforts that eed to be channeled are pointed out, so as to result in appropriate guidelines about the work to be done. The author R. Jagadeesh is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, S. J. College of Engineering, Mysore, India. Keywords TQM, India, Quality Abstract Total quality management (TQM) has spread its wings in every sphere of the global corporate world and Indian companies are no exception. In this paper, first the growth and spread ofTQM in India is traced from its initiation to current status. Further, the paper has tried to identify the causes for poor quality of products and ervice, and the gaps that exist between the expectations and the outcome after adopting the TQM practices. Later a critical view of the quality scene in India is presented, and finally, based on these observations suitable guidelines and recommendations are made to bridge this gap. It is concluded that there is still a long way to go for Indian companies to receive the stamp of acceptance for their products at international level. Electronic access The current issue and full text archive of this Journal is available at http://www. emerald-library. com are synonymous with high quality products and trust worthiness. However, the post- independent era did not witness any spectacular improvement regarding the quality of goods and services produced in the country. According to Agrawal (1993) due to protected business environment many positive attributes of the Indian industry have been lost and weaknesses have surfaced. These weaknesses based on the study are: lack of trust and credibility in the working system, lack of clarity/seriousness for achieving target, lack of precise observance of rules and norms, low quality of supplies and components, lack of consciousness of time as money, viewing only short term benefits ahead of long term oals, politicalization of labor unions, lack of accountability for actions, lack of management commitment, lack of national quality policy, inadequate economic resources, lack of indigenous technology, inadequate infrastructure, preferring quantity to quality, lack of team spirit, cartel formation, and sellers market. Besides, lack of consumerism, Government control on everything, bureaucratic delays, quick profit making attitudes by the companies, all resulted in quality getting a low priority and consequently Indian products were constrained to serve only the domestic market being not able to compete in the international markets. Further, the factors mentioned before, clearly proved to be obstacles in the path to progress, and India in spite of possessing good resources and rich scientific and technical manpower, could not produce world-class products acceptable in the international markets. The TQM movement in India The TQM initiatives were first set by the Confederation of Indian Industries (Cll) in the early 1980s, in its pioneering effort in promoting awareness about quality among Indian industries. The work done by Cll in this direction is well documented in Deccan Herald Advertising Feature (1993) and also in The Standards Engineer (1996). In 1982, quality circles took birth in India, and some of the companies to launch quality circles first were Bharat Electronics Limited, Bangalore, and Bharat Heavvy Electricals Limited, Trichy. In 1986 the Cll then known as CEI (Confederation of Engineering Industries), invited Professor Ishikawa to India, to address industry people about quality. Later in 1987, a TQM division was set up by the Cll. This division owes its foundation to 21 companies who agreed to support the cause by pooling resources and pledging to start the Journey to TQM. Chief executives of these companies formed the National Committee on Quality, 22 Total quality management in India ? ± perspective and analysis R. Jagadeesh The TQM Magazine Volume 1 1 . Number 5. 1999 . 321? ±327 newsletter on quality. In 1987 and 1988, the Cll invited the Juran Institute to India to conduct three training workshops, and then in 1989 a team from India attended the Deming Seminar in London. Study teams organized by the Cll were taken to Japan and the USA to study quality practices. During 1990, the Cll consolidated and focused on training, and in February 1991, an Indian company with the assistance of the Cll, obtained the first ISO 9000 certification in India. The Cll organized the launch of the National Quality Campaign led by the Prime Minister of India in May 1992. It is around this time, the process of globalization and liberalization was started in the country, bringing a new dimension to the business and industrial sectors. From then on, a new line of thinking in terms of quality, productivity, and competitiveness has begun. Since 1993, the Cll has been organizing The Quality Summit every year. This provides an opportunity for all business leaders, and higher level managers of member and non-member organizations of the Cll to network, learn, and contribute hrough experience sharing, and listening to the experts who gather there. The National Productivity Council (NPC) has set up a TQM and Benchmarking Division in New Delhi, and offers TQM implementation services, which include modular training programs and consultancy services. In 1996, the Government of India announced the setting up of the Quality Council of India, (QCI) with the Industry Ministry bringing in half the seed capital of Rs. 1. 5 crores. The rest of the seed capital will be contributed by the corporate sector. The setting up of a national agency for quality certification is art of the World Trade Organization (WTO) agreements, under which member countries will not trade in non-certified products two years down the line. The corporate sector too was demanding the setting up of an internationally recognized quality council as it found the certification process from foreign agencies too expensive. Besides, it would save vital foreign exchange for the country. The QCI will be entrusted with monitoring and administering of the National Quality Campaign and will also oversee the effective functioning of the National Information and Enquiry Services. Post-liberalization scene ? ± improvement in quality The economic reforms that started in 1992 have ushered in a new era of progress and prosperity in the country. According to a report published in YoJana (1997), the real gross domestic product (GDP) recorded a growth rate of 6. 8 per cent in agriculture and allied sectors, 7. 0 per cent in industry, and 7. 4 per cent in services. The Eighth Five Year Plan (EFYP) (1992-97) which ended with an average growth rate of 6. 5 per cent per annum, compares well with the target rate of 5. 6 per cent for the EFYP, and actual achievement of 6. 0 per cent in the Seventh Five Year Plan. In fact his is the highest average growth rate achieved in the planning period since 1951. The sectoral average growth rates for the period 1992-97 are: Agriculture and allied sectors ? ± 4. 0 per cent, Industry ? ± 7. 8 per cent and, Services ? ± 9. 2 per cent. Further, exports during 1996-97 registered a growth rate of 4. 1 per cent. Foreign direct inve stment amounted to US $2,696 million during 1996-97. These facts clearly indicate that the economic reforms brought through globalization and liberalization have yielded rich dividends, and hold a lot of promise for the coming years. While all ndividually to improve their product quality, besides overall performance through TQM practices. For example, Gupta and Sagar (1993) describe a case of total quality control in an engineering company through the extensive use of personal computers, and state that the Indian company was able to overcome many quality related problems which included: high rejection levels, slow inspection rates, frequent errors in measurement, inconsistency in interpreting inspection data, time consuming data storage and retrieval, rigid inspection schedules, not responding to changing environment, and quality plans not adjusted to varying batch sizes. The company improved the problem solving capacity through quality circles, and quality database at each stage. Comprehensive information systems enabled the personnel to obtain better guidance leading to improved decision making. Thus the success is attributed to systematic application of TQM. 323 The TQM Magazine volume 11 . Number 5 . 1999 . 321? ±327 Business Today (1995) in an exclusive coverage on status of quality of India, presents a detailed report on companies which are market leaders and corporate giants. The cases covered include reports on leading Indian companies like Mukand, BPL, Arvind, IFB, ABB, HDFC, Amex, Hidustan Lever, Ranbaxy, Indal, Gujarat AmbuJa, Wsya Bank, Oberoi Hotels, and Thermax. It is emphasized that these companies carved a niche for themselves by focusing on quality in their planning, operations, and marketing strategies. Awareness of quality ? ± a positive change Pati and Reis (1996) state that India is emerging as a leading economy in the new world economic order. The phenomenal increase in Indias export earnings, which rose to IJS$ 26. 2 billion in the 1994-95 fiscal year showed an increase of 18. 27 per cent over its 1993-94 export earnings of IJS$22. 7 billion. This is said to be an indicator of how its products and services are perceived by its global customers. It is further stated that the thrust has been shifted from import substitution to development of an export-oriented economy. Other pertinent observations made are: . Indian businesses are pursuing paths of superior quality and high productivity; . quality conscious consumerism; . inc reasing competition; . industries expanding their domestic share and venturing into global markets; . significant rise in the ISO 9000 certified companies. The survey conducted by Pati and Reis (1996) has further revealed many interesting aspects bout quality practices in India. The survey questionnaire has used a five-point Likert interval to capture the strength of perception, where points 1 (very high), 2 (high), 3 (medium), 4 (low), and 5 (very low) indicate the degree of current practice related to quality. The critical success factors contributing to quality and overall average scores (3. 43); . role of quality department/personnel (3. 14); . training (3. 69); . product/service design (2. 91); . supplier quality management (2. 6); process management and operating procedures (2. 74); quality data reporting (2. 72); employee relations (2. 2). It is concluded from the survey that the manufacturing sector in India is well aware of importance of quality, and efforts have been channeled to improve product quality. However, the service sector mostly Government owned and operated, lags behind the manufacturing sector in all aspects that i mply quality. TQM ? ± success stories of Indian companies Many Indian companies are beginning to realize that customer focus is an absolute requirement of TQM. Jain (1996), while writing on TQM in India, states that companies are paying closer attention to consumer feedback in order to tailor roducts to meet customer needs and are using a wide variety of methods that include benchmarking with rival products, regular customer meetings, and even engaging market research companies to collect consumer feedback on their product range and after sales service. Two specific cases are worth mentioning. Escorts Limited, an automobile manufacturing company, based on the feedback from customers and dealers, changed the delivery route to ensure safe and quick delivery. Similarly, J. K. Synthetics, based on feed back from customer meetings, focused on standardization of quality parameters, and started after-sales service. This resulted in the sales rise from 220 tonnes in first quarter of 1995 to 632 tonnes in the last quarter of the same year, an impressive growth in the sales by three times the previous value. According to a report published in Business Today (1998), some Indian companies are being guided by Yoshikazu Tsuda, a counselor at JUSE (Union of Japanese Scientists and Engineers) in their quest for total quality. Some of these companies are Sona Steering, Jai Bharat Maruti, GKN Invel, Asahi Float Glass, Brakes India, Lucas TVS, India Pistons, and India Piston Rings. Further, as stated in The Economic Times (1998), sixsigma technique, which is considered to be a classic TQM technique, is being practiced by several Indian companies notable among 324 significant achievement by an Indian company due to its practicing TQM principles is reported by Sridharan (1998a). The Indian company Sundaram Fasteners located near Chennai, India, has received the Best of Best Vendors Award consecutively for two years during 1996 and 1997, for its supply of metal radiator caps to General Motors, USA. The award was given to the company for its consistent zero defects rate, 100 percent reliability in delivery schedules, and lowest price. The company is the only supplier to General Motors, USA from India out of its 3,000 supplier companies scattered all over the globe. In an exclusive interview covered by Premchander (1996), the managing director of Asea Brown Boveri Ltd (a partly owned subsidiary of Asea Brown Boveri Limited, Zurich) one of the very successfully operating multi-national companies in India, has stated that the managers have to spend time and resources on TQM. A historical achievement by an Indian company winning the coveted Deming Prize for Overseas Companies, for successful implementation of TQM, is reported by Sridharan (1998b). The Indian company Sundaram Clayton, has successfully turned its people into quality practitioners by the actual deployment of TQM tools, techniques, and systems. 38 ? ± time to market; 22 ? ± corporate credibility. Indian quality scene ? ± a critical view The developments related to Indian companies, concerning quality of products and services, need to be examined on a comparative global scale. This would enable judgement of the progress made in improving quality. A survey made in 1994 in which products and services from 41 countries were ranked by World Competitiveness Report indicates that the quality of Indian products and services is isappointing. According to the summary of results given in Skaria (1995), Indias rank based on different quality parameters is as follows (the rank out of 41 is given followed by the parameter): . 39? ± price to quality; . 38 ? ± practice ofTQM; . 40? ± customer orientation; . 28 ? ± product liability; . 39 ? ± time to innovate; The report clearly suggested that on a global scale, Indian products and services are far from satisfactory, and have a poor image. This is a major cause of worry for the corporate managers particularly for those looking for new markets, and ventures with oreign collaborators. One commonly quoted reason for getting away with low quality in India, is lack of pressure from consumers. Many managers are of the opinion that unless the customers are aware of their right to demand high quality, and insist on companies to invest in quality, they continue to receive poor quality products. While the growth and spread of quality practices are slow in India, TQM has firmly seated itself in other Asiatic countries. In a cover feature on Quality in Asia reported in World Executive Digest (1996), it is stated that as Asia grapples with the challenge of lobalization, more and more companies seek ISO 9000 certification and adopt TQM. Companies in Hong Kong, Taiwan, Malaysia, Singapore, and China are overtly involved in embracing practices of total quality to march ahead in global markets. According to The Economic Intelligence Unit (1996), which surveyed companies in Hong Kong on issues in the region. The growth of TQM across Asia however means that new approaches are being developed in the region. These observations clearly suggest that India has to carefully watch the developments in the Asiatic region, as TQM principles have been successfully applied by several countries improving their utput quality, attracting more foreign investment, and hence capable of restricting Indias share in the global market. What the quality experts say In spite of the hype created by the ISO 9000 bandwagon, which today has more than 1,500 companies certified as such, quality is yet to emerge as a major strength of Indian products. Managers of Indian companies have still a lot to learn and implement in the image building process based on quality. This is perhaps aptly summarized by a statement made by Philip Crosby as reported in The Times of India (1997). While addressing a 325 ews conference at the end of his weeklong visit to India, Crosby has said that complacency is a major problem with the Indian management system. The managers of Indian industries should take this seriously. In an interview published in Business India (1997-98) James Harrington, a leading authority in the field of quality, has stated that India still has four types of companies: those with poor performance, with good performance, with better performance, and with outstanding performance. Harrington remarks that companies with poor performance went bankrupt in other parts of the world, while those with good performance would follow them. But those with better performance will survive and those with outstanding performance would explode into the twentyflrst century. This indicates that India still has scope for bad products, and bad performance, which need to be immediately curbed. It is pointed out by Sukumar (1998) that TQM continues to baffle corporate India, as evident by the different interpretations made by each person in the industry about what is TQM. It was observed during the Sixth Quality Summit organized by the Cll in New Delhi, that TQM means anything and everything depending on the individuals perspective, politics, and paradigms. During the summit as many as nine different definitions were presented by the speakers about what constitutes TQM. This means people in the corporate sector have no consensus about the concept of TQM and it could be a deterrent in its implementation. In another survey conducted by Arun et al. (1998) with regard to ISO certified companies interesting observations were made about implementing TQM in a company. Out of 17 companies that were surveyed, managers in seven companies said that though they believe in TQM they do not know how to implement it. The survey further revealed that the long term supplier elationship, an essential ingredient for successful implementation of TQM, has not the implementation of TQM were found to be: continued dependence on traditional incentive schemes, numerical targets, performance rating, slogans for improving productivity, and not identifying and providing the right type of training for each and everyone as demanded for every Job. The survey concludes that if all these factors are not mitigated a company may continue as ISO certified but not be recognized as a TQM company. Comments and conclusion The various surveys independently conducted by researchers and business ublications have revealed that awareness on quality of products and services has picked up in India. With quality based competition intensifying, Indian industries and business people are showing keen interest in improving the quality of products through TQM. A number of organizations, private and Government are actively propagating TQM through a variety of training and educational programs. TQM has proved to be a vital ingredient for success, and now has its permanent roots in the mission and vision of the Indian corporate sector. However, based on common observations the requirements for quality to succeed in India can be summarized as ollows: . a strong consumer movement; . a sincere and committed drive by the corporate sector to keep quality as the main focus; . trict enforcement of standards by the regulatory bodies and authorities; . avoidance of multiple grading of quality in products, like export quality, first grade, seconds, import rejects, etc. ; . setting an example in adhering to high quality performance and output, before pointing to others. While TQM no doubt has enabled the Indian companies to improve the quality of products and services, the international market demands still higher uality levels to give due recognition a nd acceptance.

Beta Blockers Properties Of Propranolol And Atenolol Biology Essay

Beta Blockers Properties Of Propranolol And Atenolol Biology Essay Abstract This essay reports the properties of propranolol (lipophilic ÃŽ ²1-selective blocker) and atenolol (hydrophilic ÃŽ ²1-selective blocker) in the point of view of pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and physical chemistry. It is observed that their pharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties are different, but its physicochemical properties are relative close. Introduction to ÃŽ ²-blockers The ÃŽ ²-blockers are drugs which act by blocking the effect of mediators and agonists on the relevant receptors. The ÃŽ ²-blockers show an antihypertensive effect, which is caused by reduced cardiac output, decreased release of renin, central decrease of sympathetic action. Also, they exhibit an antianginal effect, which is caused by slowing of the heart rate and thus decreased metabolic demand. The main side effects of general ÃŽ ²-blockers are cardiac failure, such as cardiac depression, hypotension, sinus node dysfunction, atrioventricular block. The side effects depend on the properties of ÃŽ ²-blockers. For instance, non-selective ÃŽ ²-blockers show the unwanted effects caused by blocking ÃŽ ²2-receptor. These show bronchoconstriction which is potentially life-threatening in asthmatic patients and clinically undesirable in patients with other respiratory problems. Lipophilic ÃŽ ²-blockers may cause psychological symptoms, such as depression. There are some important factors in the selection of ÃŽ ²-blockers, which are ISA, MSA, ÃŽ ²1-selectivity, lipophilicity, solubility, and the duration of effects. The ÃŽ ²2-selective blockers are not used clinically, because of causing bronchoconstriction. Some ÃŽ ²-blockers show the effect of not only blocking the receptors, but also stimulating ÃŽ ²-receptors. It depends on the situation whether ISA positive ÃŽ ²-blockers stimulate or block ÃŽ ²-receptors. For example, these act as ÃŽ ²-blockers under the existence of ÃŽ ²-agonists. On the other hand, these invigorate the receptors under the non-existence of ÃŽ ²-agonists. Such an effect is termed ISA which is intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. The drugs which have ISA decrease the side effects caused by ÃŽ ²-blockers. The non-selective blocks of ÃŽ ²-receptors cause the increase in cardiac afterload and bronchocostriction, because of ÃŽ ²2-blocking. The ÃŽ ²1-selective drugs slightly have the effect of ÃŽ ²2-blocking, but the ris k of causing cardiac afterload and bronchoconstriction is lower than that of non-selective ÃŽ ²-blockers. The duration of effects depends on the disease. Long acting ÃŽ ²-blockers are desirable for hypertension and heart failure, because of the low frequency of administration. In contrast, short acting ÃŽ ²-blockers, propranolol, are ideal drugs for angina, because of the fast onset of action. As I stated above, lipophilic ÃŽ ²-blockers have a risk of causing depression. The reason is such drugs are absorbed easily, so can penetrate BBB. MSA, membrane stabilising activity, is an activity which prevents sodium ions from entering inside of cells. Many ÃŽ ²-blockers, such as propranolol, have the activity, so these are useful for arrhythmia. The properties of propranolol Propranolol is a non-selective ÃŽ ²-blocker, which is clinically used as propranolol hydrochloride. The IUPAC name is (2RS)-1-(1-Methylethyl) amino-3-(naphthalen-1-yloxy) propan-2-ol monohydrochlorid. The molecular weight is 295.80, and the melting point is around 165 degrees. It is white crystalline powder, and it is easy to dissolve in water and methanol. Also, the methanol solution doesnt exhibit optical activity. Its structural formula is following. Propranolol is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, its plasma level reach a peak, 42.9ng/ml, after 1.5 hours of administration. The half life is approximately 3.9 hours. The metabolism of propranolol is mainly conducted by the liver, so it is metabolised to naphthoxylactic acid, glucuronic acid conjugate, and 4-Hydroxypropranolol. It is mainly metabolised by CYP2D6, CYP1A2, and CYP2C19. As I discussed above, propranolol can penetrate BBB and transition to the brain, because of lipophilic. Its dosage amount is mostly excreted in urine within 48 hours, and the rest is excreted in faeces, which is just less than 4 percentages. Its pharmacological actions include an antihypertensive effect, an antianginal effect, and MSA. Propranolol doesnt show ISA in the experiment with using rats, so it is considered that propranolol doesnt show human ISA as well as rats. Some side effects have been reported, such as, bronchoconstriction, slowing of heart rate, and allergic. These days, a new si de effect is becoming popular, which is mental symptoms, such as depression, nightmare, and insomnia. There is the drug-drug interaction in propranol. For instance, propranolol cant use with thioridazine which is a psychotropic drug, especially for integration dysfunction symptom. The reason is the side effect of thioridazine is likely to happen, because of preventing propranolol from being metabolised thioridazine by enzymes in the liver. In the same way, propranolol cant use with rizatriptan which is a drug for migraine. Combination use with propranolol and rizatoriptan induce the extension of half life of and the increase of AUC, so increase the side effects. Also, it is essential to avoid administering rizatoriptan within 24 hours of administration of propranolol for the same reason. Its package leaflet approved by US Food and Drug Administration warns. Therefore, its administration should not be stopped suddenly. Above statement is one of the most important warnings in the usage of propranolol. Properties of atenolol Atenolol is a ÃŽ ²1-selective blocker without showing MSA and ISA, which is used for hypertension, angina, and cardiac dysrhythmias. It is sold as TENORMIN in the market. The IUPAC name is 2-(4-{(2RS)-2-Hydroxy-3-[(1-methylethyl) amino] propyloxy} phenyl) acetamide. The molecular weight is 266.34, and the melting point is around 155 degrees. It is white or light yellow crystalline powder, and it is easy to dissolve in water and methanol as well as propranolol. In addition, the methanol solution doesnt exhibit optical activity. Its structural formula is following. Atenolol is almost half absorbed from gastrointestinal tract, and the rest enter systemic circulation without getting first pass effect on the liver. Its half life is approximately 7 hours. Atenolol is little metabolised in the liver, but some are metabolised to glucuronic acid conjugate. The data shows that atenolol is low distribution to brain compared to proranolol, because its drug is hydrophilic. Therefore, it has been reported that atenolol hardly have an influence on mental symptom unlike propranolol. The excretion of oral atenolol is approximately 50% in urine and faeces respectively, but 90% of them are not metabolised. As I stated above, atenolol is a ÃŽ ²1-selective blocker, so it is little to affect bronchial tubes which is controlled by ÃŽ ²2-receptor. However, the data have been reported atenolol inhibit ÃŽ ²2-receptor at high dose. Its side effects are almost the same as propranolol. The main difference between atenolol and propranolol is the incidence of tracheal symp toms, such as bronchoconstriction and bronchial spasm. Propranolol blocks ÃŽ ²-receptors non- selectively, so causes different tracheal symptoms. In contrast, atenolol inhibits ÃŽ ²1-receptors selectively, so barely makes such symptoms happen. The sudden cessation of therapy with atenolol has a possibility of causing cardiac diseases for specific patients. Its leaflet approved by FDA cautions, The properties of ÃŽ ²-blockers in obese patients These days, the number of obese people is increasing due to high calorie foods and the decrease of exercise. It is common for obese patients to take drug therapy in clinical practice, because obesity is connected with many diseases, such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Therefore, it is important to identify pharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties in obese patients. Jerzy Wojcickia studied the pharmacological and pharmacodynamic properties between propranolol and atenolol in obese patients. As a result, he concluded following. Conclusion In summary, there are some differences between propranolol and atenolol from the point of view of pharmacology, because of the difference of selectivity of ÃŽ ²-receptor. In the same way, there are some pharmacokinetic differences as well, such as the duration of half life and the mechanism of metabolism and excretion. In contrast, their physicochemical properties are similar. In clinical use, there are some warnings respectively, and the common cautions are to avoid sudden discontinuation of administration. Its dosage should be progressively decreased over a few weeks in order to avoid such side effects. I studied the characters between these ÃŽ ²-blockers in obese patients. In the study, it was not observed there are the obvious differences between obese patients and non-obese patients

An Analysis of George Batailles The Story of the Eye Essay -- Story E

An Analysis of George Bataille's The Story of the Eye ...awareness of the impossibility opens consciousness to all that is possible for it to think. In this gathering place, where violence is rife, at the boundary of that which escapes cohesion, he who reflects within cohesion realizes that there is no longer any room for him (Theory of Religion 10). When Georges Bataille first published The Story of the Eye in 1928, anonymously and "in a limited edition of 134 copies" (Lechte 118), he had been at the Bibliothà ¨que Nationale in the department of numismatics for nearly six years. Bataille was thirty-one at the time of publication, and it was not his first or the most violent piece. "The Solar Anus" which preceded it actually looks ahead to the serious ethnographic articles, albeit often of a scatological nature, which Bataille wrote for Documents, a short-lived journal which he edited and founded in 1929. Active in surrealist and avant-garde circles, Bataille courted the radical left of the political and aesthetic arenas, although his professional work compelled him to function within rigid systems. While The Story of the Eye is often dismissed as adolescent writing (Bataille himself calling it juvenile in a preface to a later edition), I offer here a reading of The Story of the Eye in the context of his profession as a librarian and of his work as editor and writer for Documents, a journal that consolidates his reflections as antiquarian, literary artist, and amateur ethnographer. To read Bataille's fiction in concert with his sociological and critical writing elevates the radical negativity of its violent transgression to a positive value. The text of this novel contains, in an embryonic stage, the basic theories which... ...F. Bouchard. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1977. 29-52. Gill, Carolyn Bailey. Bataille: Writing the Sacred. New York: Routledge, 1995. Hollier, Denis. "The Use-Value of the Impossible." Bataille: Writing the Sacred. 133-53. Lechte, John. "Surrealism and the practice of writing, or The 'case' of Bataille." 117-32. Nietzsche, Friedrich. On the Genealogy of Morals. Trans. Walter Kaufmann and R. J. Hollingdale. Ed. Walter Kaufmann. New York: Vintage, c1967, 1989. Richardson, Michael. Georges Bataille. New York: Routledge, 1994. Stoekl, Allan. Introduction. Visions of Excess: Selected Writings, 1927-1939. Georges Bataille. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 1985. ix-xxv. Suleiman, Susan Rubin. "Transgression and the Avant-Garde: Bataille's Histoire de l'oeil." On Bataille: Critical Essays. Ed. and trans. Leslie Anne Boldt-Irons. Albany: SUNY P, 1995. 313-33.

The Relationship Between Slavery and Freedom Essay -- Slavery Essays

The Relationship Between Slavery and Freedom For Edmund S. Morgan American slavery and American freedom go together hand in hand. Morgan argues that many historians seem to ignore writing about the early development of American freedom simply because it was shaped by the rise of slavery. It seems ironic that while one group of people is trying to break the mold and become liberated, that same group is making others confined and shattering their respectability. The aspects of liberty, race, and slavery are closely intertwined in the essay, 'Slavery and Freedom: The American Paradox.' The contradictions between slavery and freedom are very apparent throughout history. America started out with the intentions of becoming separate and equal. To become this kind of nation they needed a crop that would give them something to trade with the other countries. The most obvious choice was tobacco and to produce this demanding crop they used a lot of slave labor. Morgan states 'To a very large degree it may be said that Americans bought their independence with slave labor (122).' America was so obsessed with being free and equal it looks like they would go to any length to obtain it. Another example would be certain slave owners. Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and George Washington all owned slaves. This is interesting especially with Jefferson who had a major role in republican liberty. Another contradictory point made by Morgan is how England which prides itself in the l...

Spears or Mozart :: Music Compositions Composers Singers Essays

Spears or Mozart _"Consider, for instance, one of Mozart's compositions, one that is retained stably in our concert repertoire... The persistence with which a Mozart symphony reappears in our concert programmes is solely a consequence of its high selection value. In order for this to retain the effect, the work must be played again and again, the public must take note of it, and it must be continually re-evaluated in competition with other compositions." (Dennett, 348) _The first thought to develop in my mind after digesting the above passage was this: Mozart achieved notability and longevity in the field of music, and so did pop queen Britney Spears. The thought continued to plague me. Use of the phrase "concert repertoire" is easily applicable to Britney. She performs music in a concert to an audience that adores her. They may be twelve-year-old girls and infatuated boys, but she keeps them as fans as her career progresses. Is this "solely a consequence of high selection value?" Britney's public continues to "take note" of her, a requirement for "persistence." The radio ensures that the work is repeatedly played to obtain the desired effect of inebriation and subsequently enforced pleasure. _According to Dennett, permanency is acquired when "human conservators" prevent a piece of culture from a fate that means, "to dissolve in time." We all long for immortality, do we not? If a genie appeared and informed us we had three wishes, would not one of them be for something like fame, fortune, or immortality? Mozart has been conserved because of his selection value, because people have enjoyed his music and continue to enjoy it and deem it worthy of reputable celebrity. Britney Spears has achieved a similar preservation because her public has deemed her in possession of a high selection value, but does she warrant the reputable celebrity we give to Mozart? _Once her public turns away from her, Spears will dissolve in the mind's eye. The same could someday occur to Mozart. Can we study Mozart and Spears under the same lens with the same rules? Dennett believes we have "competitions that rage through a human mind (359)." Competitions take place to achieve a high selection value, to gain longevity. There are memes that fight to occupy our attention, and somewhere inside of us there is something pulling on us to decide what we like or do not like, what we strive for or do not strive for.

Effect of Culture in International Business

Culture is an important part of International Business. Culture is defining the collection of values, beliefs, behaviours, customs and attitudes of the member in the society. Culture is the behaviour that people act in the community. The characteristic of culture is also reflects learned behaviour that is transmitted from one member to another in society. There are also basic elements cultures such as social structure, language and religious. So the foreigner who wants to operate the business at the overseas market have to understand the culture at the local market to become successful. In this report also compare between the similarities of culture between two countries such as Thailand-Malaysia and different in culture between China and United States. The term ‘Culture’ can be can be defined in more than 160 ways. According to (Terpstra and David 1985) they proposed the meaning of culture in international Management context based on Hostede’s definition is refers to the group of people in the society of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, attitudes, meanings, hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and material objects. Culture is symbolic communication. Some of its symbols include a group's skills, knowledge, attitudes, values, and motives. The meanings of the symbols are learned and deliberately from the generation to generation. Culture is also the collective programming of communication for people in the community to understand such as language and behaviour and also to make the connection by communication with other community. Culture is one of the important parts of International business undertaking Importing and Exporting in foreign markets. So the organisation that operating international have to understand the differences in values and ethical behaviour for the organisation to work efficient in the international markets. Many organisations lost the opportunities due to the lack of understanding of international markets. Characteristics of Culture Culture is the set of values, attitudes, beliefs, behaviour. The society culture are describes the behaviour and rules which determine the way of how the organisation operate in the community. Culture is also reflects learned behaviour that is transmitted from one member to another in society. Culture is also the adaptive because the effect from the external environment such as multinational international business, technology and tourism. Also the improvement of communication such as mobile phone and internet with the low cost which allow people and organisations developed greater cross cultural exchange between the organisations. The basic elements of Culture in international business are: †¢ Social Structure †¢ Language †¢ Religion The Social structure is the culture’s beliefs about the role in community. The organisation’s predominately how to work with each other in the organisation. Social attitude is reflected in the importance of how to work together in the organisations. Language Language is a primary cultural in the society because it is very important for society’s members to communicate between members. There are over 3,000 languages and as many as 10,000 in worldwide. Religion is also the important part of society. Religion influences the attitudes members in the community towards work, investment, consumption and responsibility. For example: Thailand Languages in Thailand The Thai language is the main language in Thailand also there is several regional languages spoke as well. Other languages spoken in Thailand are Chinese, Lao, Malay and Mon-Khmer, while English is later becoming more predominate in commerce of international. I Thailand, English is also now becoming the second language in secondary school and universities. Thai Society & Culture Hierarchical Society . Thailand organisation is respect hierarchical relationships. . Social relationships are defined as person is the leader being superior and make the decision for the other members in the organisation. . Management teams are superior to employees, alder employees to the younger employees, and bosses to their subordinates. . When Thai organisation meeting the outsider, they will immediately try to place outsider within a hierarchy so they know how the outsider should be treated. . This is often done by asking what might be seen as very personal questions in other cultures. . Status can be determined by clothing and general appearance, age, job, education, family name, and social connections. Etiquette & Customs in Thailand Meeting In business . The ‘wai’ is the traditional form of greeting, given by the person of lower status to the person of higher status. So in the business is normally visitor will be greeding before the host. . Thais generally use first rather than surnames, with the honorific title Khun before the name. This is the very appropriate polite way and very good start to do the business. Relationships & Communication †¢ Thai people prefer to do the business with the people whom they respect. †¢ The Thai people also very concern about trust. So it’ll require the foreigner who wants to do the business in Thailand have to follow the way of Thai culture and do not rushing to do the business. †¢ Always be respectful to each other when dealing the business with the others as it can leads to smoothly relationship in doing the business. . Thai communication is formal and non-verbal communication is often more important than verbal communication. . Rank is always been respectful. The eldest person in the organisation will be the most respectful from the other members in the organisation. . It is difficult for most Thais to say no, so you must be cognizant of their non- verbal communication. . Also body language is also important to do the business in Thailand. Because body language can telling about how professional the outsider are. Face The concept of saving face is important in Thai society. So to do business in Thailand, Thai people will do anything to prevent loss of face. For example, normally to avoiding confrontation and rather choosing to tell others what they want to hear rather than dealing immediately. So to Criticising someone in public and breaking the promises are various ways that unpermitted in Thailand. Thailand is a fascinating and very complex country, because Thailand has history of religious for century’s philosophy, immigrant know-how and wisdom coming from foreign trade and commerce. Due to the culture complexity, which make it very hard to understand from the foreigner to doing business in Thailand. The international business might loss their opportunities to operate the manufacture in Thailand because lack of knowledge about local culture. The answer to the question whether cultural similarities would lead to greater trade among countries is both yes and no. Logically, cultural similarities will make trade easier for each other because of the mutual understanding between both countries. But that’s not often case for all countries. Similarities in culture sometimes would lead to copyright and property claims. This is why there are two answers for the question. Examples will be given to support each answer respectively. Malaysia and Indonesia is example of countries that share an identical culture amongst each other. Both countries are located geographically in the South East Asia region. Both of these countries are often called siblings due to its size. The Malay language is an Austronesian language spoken not only by Malaysians but all Malay people who reside in the Malay Peninsula, southern Thailand, the Philippines and Singapore. It is also very similar to Indonesian, known locally as Bahasa Indonesia. Other than having an almost identical language, there are other cultures such as uniforms and traditional music instrument that are also similar. Sharing almost identical and similar cultures don’t usually work well for both of this country. In recent years, disputes and misunderstanding occur on problems such as claims of traditional copyright and territory claim has marked a black patch on the relationship of both countries. According to (Schonhardt, 2009) Similarities in culture, language and religious customs should make Indonesia and Malaysia good neighbors. But long-running spats over everything from territorial boundaries to cultural ownership of culinary dishes, dances, instruments and even Malaysia's national anthem have over the years hampered ties. This directly effects not only trades between the two countries but also gives a pessimistic view for foreign investors who are planning to invest heavily in both countries. Things aren’t always sour for both of the countries. Having a similar culture also helped both of the country in trading and making business with each other much more easier. For example, the number of imported maids from Indonesia to Malaysia is increasing by day. Indonesian maids find it easier to adapt to Malaysian culture, as it is not much of a difference with the culture back at home. Culture in this sense includes language, food and environment. It is reported that in the year 2007, two leaders of both countries has signed a memorandum of understanding to establish a joint trade and investment committee to address issues and recommend measures to enhance bilateral trade and investment. www.indlawnews.com, 25 January 2008 This in particular shows how countries with similar culture can work together.