Nurse symbolises Essay Example for Free

Nurse symbolises EssayIn contrast to these three guinea pigs, the next characters show the opposition facing the accusations. Firstly I will argue the protagonist of the play crapper Proctor, whom I have already mentioned. Proctor is a steady homophile, in whose presence a fool felt his tomfoolery instantly. He is described as a man in his prime, with a quiet confidence, and an unexpressed, hidden force, which reveals his nature to the reader. Despite his affair with Abigail that becomes the source of the accusations, the reader feels charity towards him due to his preference of rationality over the supernatural, and his modern quality in his logic and his willingness for a better life for future generations. The Nurses, particularly Rebecca Nurse, be stand for as near saints who rely upon practical wisdom and experience. Miller reveals that the Nurses have held a grudge against the Putnams both over land, and also over Putnams wanted man in the ministry. Rebecca Nurse s ymbolises the good in the community although this does not affect Putnams motivations and the accusations that are made. The last character is Giles Corey. He is a man who didnt give a hoot for public opinion, precisely is able to oppose Putnam and Parris due to his contentious, and combative manner.Fin bothy, there is the Reverend John Hale, who approaches religious matters with the conviction of a scientist. He holds the smell that they cannot rely upon superstition to solve the girls problems but they may find a supernatural explanation for the events. Although he does not side with anyone, he is wrapped up in the hysteria that has been created, and evokes further paranoia. He shows the essence of the conflict of religion and superstition that is at the foreground in The Crucible.The First Act of The Crucible shows several(prenominal) significant themes that continue during the play. I think that one of the most important themes is the ability for accusations to snowball, gaini ng pace and involving others that were in the background. An early example of this is the charges against the girls and Tituba. At first they are accuse of simply dancing, then of dancing naked. These accusations proceed until Tituba is deemed a capture, and others are accused of Satanism.Another important theme is the shift of blame from one character to another. This is largely due to the minority of people willing to accept the consequences of their actions. The ability of characters to choose whichever position suits their self-interest is encompassed in the First Act largely with Abigail, who uses everything for her get purpose.As I mentioned during my introduction, the play is aptly named The Crucible, which serves as an instrument in which tensions reach a climax under the cloud of accusations. In Act Three, Danforth refers to the style in saying We burn a hot fire here it melts down all concealment. This is true in the sense that all the motives of the characters are revea led, but these have to be firstly explained, and this occurs in Act One.Miller uses imagery and language to add to the tensions and conflicts encountered in the First Act. He uses double negatives as a way to emphasise and also to set the play in the right period of history. Miller uses such imagery as sweated like a entire an image taken straight from the farm to reflect the themes and set the period. Miller writes that Abigail states that Let either of you breath a word sun go down. This adduce contains very powerful language and gives a sense of the harshness of the atmosphere that they lived in.After Act One, the accusations spiral out of control with countless others being accused including Elizabeth Proctor, Rebecca Nurse, and John Proctor himself. The mass hysteria reaches a climax with the accused being hanged after refusing to confess to a sin that they did not do. Reverend John Hale sides with Proctor and says that these accusations are not based upon anything, just pers onal vendettas.In conclusion, Arthur Miller uses the First Act of The Crucible as a good foundation for the mass hysteria and the intensity of the paranoia that follows in the play. The themes of the play need to be pose into the play quickly and effectively so as to curb the quick rise of tension. The main issue throughout the play of the conflict of religion and superstition is involved straight away and Miller establishes the stem of all the accusations of Abigails affair with Proctor quickly, as well as giving an insight into the motivations of the other characters. Miller establishes the characteristics of the Salem community that make it so receptive to the witch hunt and how accusations can ignite fears and panic which can seize a town to such a great extent.The Crucible, thought of as an allegory to the McCarthyism that gripped the States is elaborately constructed to illustrate how fear and hysteria mixed with an atmosphere of persecution may lead to tragically unjust co nsequences. The seeds of future conflict are intricately sown in the first Act to provide The Crucible with a solid base on which the accusations raise the tension and conflict to such extreme high school and where characters are wrapped up in the hysteria that make the play so compelling. All the important themes are encompassed during the first Act, such as the shifting of blame, and the conflicts of characters, that allow the rest of the play to spiral out of all proportions permitting The Crucible to be so powerful and utterly riveting.

Management and Supply Function Essay Example for Free

Management and Supply Function EssayIt should be emphasised from the outset that buy and tag on perplexity is executed as an integrated part of the firms broader management (as part of the logistics management or provision chain management approach) * get and supply PLANNING is part of the firms general planning, mainly because the continuous supply of raw materials components services is of a strategic importance to the enterprise.The supply market is just as important for the firms survival continued profitability as the sales market is the firms own product. Firms general planning must be integrated. *The ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE of the get and supply blend should be aimed mainly linking into the firms overall structure in the most effective way. The acquire and supply function primarily renders a service to the enterprise. *Purchasing and supply COORDINATION should be aimed harmonising and aligning the activities of the purchasing and supply function with those of the other business functions.When a firm vests the authority for the purchasing and supply function in 1 person or team. Advantages gtStandardisation of materials and products is possible because purchases are made at one point gtPurchasing and supply staff are afforded the probability to become experts gtControl over all aspects of the purchasing and supply function is amendd gtAdministrative costs are reduced by eliminating duplication decentralize PURCHASING SUPPLY ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTUREPurchasing by different departments, branches or plants, while each of them enjoys an important measure of autonomy of decision making regarding the purchasing and supply function. Advantages gtBetter liaision can be effected between decentralised purchasing and supply functions and the user functions of individual plants served by the purchasing and supply function gtThe needs users can be better satisfied because the purchasing and supply function knows them better gtDifferent plants maint ain their autonomy. Plant managers are often richly responsiblefor the profitability of individual plants.According to the combined approach, common requirements of the different plants such as equipment and certain categories of raw materials, are purchased centrally head of office. The plants purchasing and supply functions are assisted by corporate purchasing and supply in developing policies, procedures, and control measures, recruiting and training staff, auditing the purchasing and supply performance of the plants.The main coordinating mechanisms of purchasing and supply management with other functions in the organisation, and with providers and customers, are definitely computer systems such as electronic data interchange(EDI), materials planning (MRPII) and scattering requirements planning (DRP). TWO TYPES OF COORDINATION Between purchasing and supply and other functional areas Purchasing coordination is lateral acts in an advisory/support method to the other functions in the enterprise. Between p and s and the supplier systemTwo dimensions to the coordination between p and s function and the supplier system. Firstly there is coordination with the whole supplier system and secondly with the individual suppliers. The flow of products and services from the supplier has to be effective, the p and s function has to ensure that coordination between them and the supplier ensures this occurs. This can be achieved by means of supplier alliances, integrated systems and inter-organisational teams. The supplier must become an extension of the buying enterprise.The chief coordinating mechanisms available to p and s management are open communication, strategic alliances, integrated systems, the conscious motivation of suppliers and standardisation of specifications, purchasing documents and purchasing procedures. CONTROL PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF THE PURCHASING AND SUPPLYFUNCTION Control whitethorn be defined as a systematic attempt to reach objectives or set st andards that accord with the enterprises goal, to observe actual perform- ance and compare it with the set standards, and to arrive corrective steps with a view to achieving the mission and goals of the enterprise.Objectives and basic principles of performance evaluation P and activities are complex, needs to have a control system. Feedback on actual performance(measured against quantitative norms). This ensures that the p and s strategy is implemented at the various levels in the company. With this the p and s manager can monitor and improve the functions actual performance. Control ensures that all the other functions with p and s work optimally.

An Analysis on the Process of Adjudication

An Analysis on the Process of AdjudicationLaw is a strange compound which is brewed daily in the caldron of the Courts Hon. benzoin N Cardozo1.The work of decision making cases goes on every day in hundreds of courts throughout the land. Any judge, one might suppose, would shape it easy to describe the exploit which he had followed a thousand generation and more. Benjamin Cardozo begins his Judicial Process with these voice communication which with lyrical lucidity show what goes on in a court. It is deciding cases. To a layman, adjudication presents a picture of a court where a judge presides, listens to aims of rival parties through their counsels and in the end, renders a decision which holds a person apt(p) or acquits him of the charges that were labelled against him. To a jurisprudenceman who is non untutored in the craft, adjudication means something more.When courts decide cases, they perform two distinct, though interrelated, functions. First, they settle the contro versy amongst the parties they determine what the facts were and apply the appropriate rules to those facts. This is the function comm lonesome(prenominal) known as adjudication2. opus performing their second function, courts decide what the appropriate rules atomic number 18 and how they fit in a particular case. Deciding what rules are applicable often requires the courts to reformulate and modify the scope of being rules. The second function is sometimes referred to as judicial chastenfulnessmaking3. While adjudicating cases, a judge may be faced with a question of fairness or a question of fact or a sundry(a) question of faithfulness and fact. Besides, he may come across a case which the existing law does not cover, that is the question to be decided by the court was unfore collide withn by the legislature while enacting the law. Tools available to a judge while deciding a question generally include the statutory provisions, precedent placed down by an earlier court, a nd the certain(p) overarching principles like that of natural justice and equality.Judicial function performed by the adjudicate requires them at times to use their discretions and rely on certain -principles that lie extraneous to the realm of the enacted law. This is one aspect of adjudication that has stirred much jurisprudential waters over a long period. Questions invariably asked catch been whether settle only declare the law whether they only interpret the law whether they only impinge on the law or whether they limit law also.There are two aspects of judicial function that come to fore The first-which can be traced back to at least Hale and Blackstone-is that judges merely find and declare the law rather than create it. Thus, judges are, allegedly, not a source of law.4 The second aspect of judicial level-headed techniques that receives much publicised attention is the doctrine of precedent.5 The function of adjudication subsumes certain intricately intertwined trim backs.The tool of interpretation plays an important quality in adjudicatory work at. It may be said that Adjudication is interpretation6, prone the fact that Adjudication is the process by which a judge comes to chthonianstand and express the meaning of an authoritative legal text and the values somatic in that text.7 Interpretation, whether it be in the law or literary domains, is neither a wholly discretionary nor a wholly mechanical activity. It is a combat-ready interaction between reader and text, and meaning the product of that interaction.8To recover an old and familiar idea, namely, that adjudication is a form of interpretation would build bridges between law and the humanities and suggest a unity among mans m whatsoever intellectual endeavours. A proper regard for the distinctive socialFunction of adjudication, and for the conditions that limit the legitimate execute of the judicial power, will require care in identifying the kinds of texts to be construed and the ru les that govern the interpretive process the judge is to read the legal text, not morality or public opinion, not, if you will, the moral or social texts. But the essential unity between law and the humanities would persist and the judges vision would be enlarged.9The wrangling and phrases are symbols that stimulate a mental reference to referents.10And it becomes relevant given the fact that the problem of interpretation is a problem of words and their effectiveness as a medium of expression to communicate a particular thought. One of the important aspects on interpretation is to find the intention of the members of the legislature whose creation, that is the enactment, outlives them. Salmond says that the true responsibleness of the judicature is to act upon the true intention of the Legislature-the mens or sententia legis. However, the air this duty is to be performed becomes tedious in that judges have only the barren words to confront with and to find the intention of the le gislature. The question of interpretation also brings forth the question do judges make law while interpreting the law? Does the finding of intention amount only to discovery of law or does it mean creation of law? Interpretation often is instrumental in the digest of naked as a jaybird precedents, and there have been arguments put forth that say precedents are clearest examples of judicial law making. Dworkinian thesis of how judges decide cases avers that judges merely discover law they do not make law. However, it has been argued that when judges discover legislative intent, they in fact invent it instead of discovering it11.The growing complexities of modern day bread and butter throw new challenges and problems in myriad manifestation before the judges, who at times may be tempted to cross the restraints of written words of law, besides be confronted with question of morality and needs of justice. There may surface a problem which the law when enacted could not foresee. Or the law relating to a particular issue is shrouded in ambiguity. M whatever a time, a judge may have to trace that golden thread from the labyrinth of legalese and factual matrix that will jock him r apiece the desired goal of rendering justice. Often, it is very difficult to do so. The process of adjudication requires a judge to be attentive and aware of the several factors which at times may have a telling impact upon the rights of people, besides jeopardising the cherished goal of doing justice.Performance of judicial function is an onerous task given the kind of responsibility a judge has to shoulder within the constitutional and statutory constraints that hedge him or her from all sides, though lee direction for creativity does exist given the tools of interpretation a judge is armed with.13 Innovation comes to the rescue of judge when confronted with a novel case that demands that the judge acts in a way that justice is done The discussion and deliberation that follow in the coming chapters focus on some of the key aspects of adjudication primarily that of Dworkins, and an effort is do to critically analyse the various facets of Dworkins theory of adjudication before reaching a conclusion in the light of criticisms levelled against them.3.2ADJUDICATION vis-a-vis SEPARATION OF POWERSWithin the realm of law, adjudication enjoys a base of prominence. Primarily the task of the courts is to adjudicate upon the issues that arise in disputes between parties which may be an individual, at times, state, and on occasions both the state and individuals. In the modem era, the role of the judges has become more complex and it is now a far cry when compared with the role a judge had to play eons ago. The evolution of the society and the legal system has entrusted the judges with newer powers and functions. Now their area of operation is not confined to decide questions that arise between individuals as Geoffrey Rivlin reminds that First, where there is any dispute closely constitutional law, the judges must decide what the law is. Their most important role, however, is to act as an independent check on the power of the executive. Only the courts have the authority to stop any individual or body of persons from exceeding their powers, or making improper use of their powers. This is known as preventing an abuse of power.When we intercommunicate of judges, it means the entire hierarchy of judges who operate in different courts. The problems arising before the courts and decisions to be rendered are different in nature depending upon the courts. The factors that influence the import of an adjudicatory process vary greatly, and so do the decisions of the court. Be that as it may, there are a score of issues that need to be dealt with when we consider the process of adjudication.3.3DISPUTE REVIEW BOARD/DISPUTE ADJUDICATION BOARDThis method of international dispute resolution, first tried successfully in the 1980s in important America, is now re gularly used in respect of large international verbal expression and infrastructure contracts. These contracts provide for the appointment of a panel of experts, generally construction practitioners (engineers, lawyers, economists), either at the time of signature or in the course of the execution of the contract.For example, contracts relating to the construction of the Vasco Da Gama bridge, over the River Tagus in Portugal, provided for the appointment of two panels (technical and financial) of trio experts each. For the Channel Tunnel, between France and the United Kingdom, the designation of apanel of three experts and two alternates was provided for in contracts.Members of the .dispute review board/dispute adjudication board (DRB/DAB) are appointed by the parties in the same way as an arbitral tribunal is constituted, with one major difference. The panel is generally appointed at the very showtime of the project and for its social unit duration, whereas arbitrators are appo inted only in the context of a dispute. Each party nominates its experts and the two appointed experts designate the third that is, unless the parties have agreed on a different appointment mechanism. A one-member DRB/DAB may also be appointedDRB/DABs typically follow a project from beginning to end (through site visits, study of monthly reports, exchanges of correspondence, miscellaneous reports, etc.), This-is so that they are able, upon the request of a contracting party to react promptly and knowledgeably and, if necessary, to issue an opinion, testimony or decision in written form. DRB/DAB experts are usually paid monthly or, for on-site interventions, by the hour.The DRB/DAB may intervene in either a flexible or a more formal manner. In the former, it acts as an advisory body. A party or several parties may, by a simple and informal request, ask for a preliminary written opinion. This opinion is considered provisional in that it does not bind either the parties or the DRB. I n the latter, the DRB/DAB plays a more formal role, insofar as it issues either a decision or a recommendation, on a procedure that enables each of the parties to express its ideas fully.Once the panel of experts has handed down its opinion, decision or recommendation, each of the parties indicates, generally within a fixed time limit, whether or not it accepts the decision or recommendation. If the decision is not accepted, recourse to the jurisdictional procedure (before a State court or an arbitral tribunal) remains affirmable.3.4DWORKINS hypothesis OF ADJUDICATIONThe courts are the capitals of laws empire, and judges are its princes, but not its seers and prophets. Dworkin, Laws imperium, 407(1986)IntroductionIn laws empire, judges enjoy a prominent position. They are entrusted with the task of adjudication, which affects the lives of people in ways both seen and unseen. Rights of people who approach the apostle of justice stand to lose or gain depending upon how the judge pr esiding over the court views a case. Importance of judges in legal arena is reflected in Dworkins writing when he begins his Laws Empire with these words It matters how judges decide cases. It matters most to people unlucky or combative or wicked or saintly enough to find themselves in court.12The difference between dignity and ruin may turn on a single argument that might not have struck another(prenominal) judge so forcefully, or even the same judge on another day13. A single nod of a judge may rob a person of his liberty or protect his liberty. It may mean brio or death for a person.14 The role played by judges move intos more importance today. Given the fact that they perform one of the tedious tasks in a society,it becomes desirable to see and analyse how they do what they do. In view of the foregone discussion in the previous chapter that touched upon the vexed question of what is law and the myriad facets of adjudication that are crucial to the understanding of how law ope rates in laws empire, the theory of adjudication as developed by Dworkin assumes due importance, especially given the parallels that are visible in the time that preceded Dworkins theory. One such parallel can be seen in Blackstones declaratory theory that dealt with the famous account of judging which holds that judges find (or declare), rather than make, law. In the introduction to the Commentaries, Blackstone states that the judges job is to determine the law not according to his own private judgment, but according to the known laws and tradition of the land the judge is not delegated to pronounce a new law, but to maintain and expound the old one.3.4.1ADJUDICATION DWORKINS APPROACHTo Dworkin, law is an interpretive construct. By making this claim, he tries to distinguish his philosophy from what he calls semantic theories of law, which refer to positivist theories, like that of John Austin and Herbert Hart. According to him, these theories suppose that that law has a meaning which is shared by lawyers and others. This shared meaning consists of rules for using the word law. These rules, in turn, tie law in positivist theories to historical facts, such as the enactment of a statute or the decision of a case. Dworkin suggests that disagreement about the law, under positivist theories, would invoke legal argument in adjudication only about the historical fact made relevant by the shared meaning of law. He considered three theories of law-conventionalism, pragmatism and law as justness in Laws Empire. Only the last of these is interpretive, but each, he argues, is compatible with his interpretive theory of meaning, which he describes as the view that the doctrinal concept of law is an interpretive concept.3.4.2ADJUDICATION OF HARD CASESThe theory of hard cases provided by positivism, according to Dworkin, envisages that when a particular law suit cannot be brought under a clear rule of law, laid down by some institution in advance, then judge has discretio n to decide the case either way. He says the opinion of the judge seems to assume that one or the other party had a pre-existing right to win the suit, but idea only is a fiction. In reality, he has legislated new legal rights, and then applied them retrospectively to the case at hand.15Dworkin tries to provide an alternative method of adjudication which he calls naturalism. It is noteworthy how he builds up his theory of adjudication in the following manner16 I shall start by giving the picture of adjudication I want to defend a name, and it is a name which accepts the crude characterization. I shall call this picture naturalism.According to naturalism, judges should decide hard cases by interpreting the political structure of their community in the following, perhaps special way by trying to find the best justification they can find, in principles of political morality, for the structure as a whole, from the most profound constitutional rules and arguments to the detail of, for e xample, the private law of tort or contract.Prior to elaborating further on the methodology adopted by Dworkin, it will serve some purpose to see how he disagrees with the general understanding of how judges go about doing what they actually do. He believes that the common story about the way judges function is misleading, and misses certain notable points. He finds a further level of subordination in such a story which goes unnoticed. It is expected that when make law, they will act not only as a deputy to the legislature but also as a deputy legislature. However, Dworkin reasons17They will make law in reception to evidence and arguments of the same character as would move the superior institution if it were acting on its own. This is deeper level of subordination, because it makes any understanding of what judges do in hard cases parasitic on a prior understanding of what legislators do all the time.According to him, this subordination is both conceptual and political. He believe s that judges are not deputy legislators, and they should not be as well. It is misleading to assume that they are legislating when judges go beyond the political decisions which have been made already by someone else. He argues that such an assumption misses the fundamental greenback between arguments of principle and arguments of policy. It is noticeable, Dworkin argues that the distinct outline here is an improvement upon the distinction between principle and the policy that he made under chapter two of Taking Rights Seriously, one of the virtues among others being that this formulation prevent the collapse of the distinction under the artificial assumption described before18.It should be pointed out here that both the arguments dislodge political decisions it is only the way they vindicate such decisions that differs. Arguments of policy excuse a political decision by showing that the decision advances or protects some collective goal of the community as a whole19 whereas th e arguments of principle justify a political decision by showing that the decision respects or secures some individual or group right.20The justification of legislative broadcast of any complexity, says Dworkin, will require both sorts of arguments. According to him, a program that is chiefly a matter of policy may require strands of principle to justify it21. Sometimes, it may so happen that a program which is generated by policy may be qualified by principle and vice versa.In a hard case where no settled rule dictates a decision either way, then, Dworkin says, it might seem proper that a proper decision could be generated by either policy or principle.22He cites the case of Spartan Steel Alloys Ltd. V. Martin Co. f02. In this case, the employees of the defendant company had broken the electric cable which belonged to a company which supplied power to the plaintiffs factory, which was shut down during the period the cable was repaired.Whether to allow recovery for economic loss f ollowing negligent damage to someone elses seat was the question to be decided before the court. Here, there are two ways open before the court. Dworkin says It might have proceeded to its decision by enquire whether a firm in the position of the plaintiff had a right to recovery, which is a matter of principle, or whether it would be economically wise to distribute liability for accidents in the was plaintiff suggested, which is matter of policy.Dworkin lays down his thesisJudicial decisions in civil cases, even in hard cases like Spartan Steel, characteristically are and should be generated by principle not policy.11 Benjamin Cardozo, The Nature Of The Judicial Process, 10 (1921)2 James L. Houghtling, The Dynamics of Law 13(1963)3 Ibid4 Rajeev Dhavan et. al. (ed), Judges and the Judicial military force 1 2 (1985)5 Ibid.6 Owen M. Fiss, Objectivity and Interpretation, 34 Stan. L. Rev. 739.7 Ibid8 Ibid. Fiss says, It is an activity that affords a proper recognition of both the su bjective and objective dimensions of human dumbfound and for that reason, has emerged in recent decades as an attractive method for studying all social activity. The idea of a written text, the standard object of legal or literary interpretation, has been expanded to embrace social action and situations, which are sometimes called text-analogues.9 Ibid. Indeed, interpretation is defined as the process by which the meaning of a text is understood and expressed, and the acts of understanding and expression necessarily entail strong personal elements. At the same time, the freedom of the interpreter is not absolute. The interpreter is not free to assign any meaning he wishes to the text. He is disciplined by a set of rules that specify the relevance and weight to be assign to the material (e.g., words, history, intention, consequence), as well as by those that define basic concepts and that established the procedural circumstances under which theinterpretation must occur. Id. at 744. 10 G Williams, Language and the Law, 61 LQR 73.11 For a detailed analysis see, Chapters 4 and 5. Also see, Upendra Baxi, On How Not to Judge theJudges Notes towards Evaluation of the Judicial Process, 25 JILl 210 (1983).12 Ronald Dworkin, Laws Empire 1(2002, Indian Reprint)13 Ibid.14 Dworkin says, People often stand to gain or lose more by one judges nod than they could by any general act of Congress or Parliament. Ibid15 Supra note 70 at 8116 Ronald Dworkin, Natural Law Revisited, 34 University of Florida Law Review one hundred sixty-five at 165-166(1982). Suppose the question arises for the first time, for example, whether and in what circumstances careless drivers are liable, not only for physical injuries to those whom they run down, but also for any emotional damage suffered by relatives of the victim who are watching. According to naturalism, judges should then ask the following questions of the history (including the contemporary history) of their political structure. Does t he best possible justification of that history suppose a principle according to which people who are injured emotionally in this way have a right to recover damages in court? If so, what, more precisely, is that principle? Does it entail, for example, that only immediate relatives of the person physically injured have that right? Or only relatives on the scene of the accident, who might themselves have suffered physical damage? Ibid.17 Supra note 70 at 8218 Ibid19 Ib.id. Fr example, The argument in favour of a subsidy for aircraft manufacturers, that thesubsidy WIll protect defense, is an argument of policy. Ibid.20 Ibid. For instance, The argumet in favour of anti-discrimination statutes, that a nonage has anght to equal respect and concern, IS an argument of principle. Ibid.21 Ibid.22 Supra note 70 at 83. Emphasis added.

The Personal Development Plan Management Essay

The Personal Development Plan management EssayThis report explores ideas or so the leadhip skills required by a theater director to hunt down efficiency at strategic train. In this report we go out describe strategy, its purpose and the strategic skills required of the leader to hand the strategic ambitions.Introduction-The in-person cultivation plan, in relation to the place manager be genuinely important, though these enable the managers to identify their training developmental needs, and then it offers the opportunities for the development of the skills, fencencies and capabilities of the pose managers, i.e. PDP (Personal Development Plan) facilitates and supports the development of the Personal Development Record of the individual or the middle manager. (Rucchell and Richard, 2002)Strategy strategy is a term that refers to a complex network of thoughts, ideas, insights, experiences, goals, expertise, memories, perceptions, and expectations that provides general g uidance for specific actions in pursuit of particular ends.Far too many companies either gestate no goals at all(prenominal), different than constitute reduction or their boss hides them in his head. Theres no hope for companies in Britain unless more fall managements accept the need for a widely communicated set of slang objectives. (Peter Beek, ex-Chairman, The Strategic Planning Society, 1987)The organization is influenced by the strategic leader, and in the context of an ideally clear vision and direction, the organization draws its resources (employees, managers, plant, supplies, finance, etc.) from a competitive ph wholeness groove environment. It has to compete with other firms for labour, supplies, loans etc. And its operates in a network which holds its suppliers and financial backers, with whom one would expect it to have strong and robust relationships.There is one old locutionPeople learn to managers by managing under the guidance of a considerably manager.Goo d strategic leader alike need to use fellowship nigh the skills and the aspects of managing people, activities and themselves that they need to understand. To become a better leader it is necessary to develop skills and knowledge .The leader will be better prepargond to do this if they have a general understanding of the process of management.The personal development plan-The personal development plan, in relation to the middle manager ar very important, though these enable the managers to identify their training developmental needs, and then it offers the opportunities for the development of the skills, competencies and capabilities of the middle managers, i.e. PDP (Personal Development Plan) facilitates and supports the development of the PDR (Personal Development Record) of the individual or the middle manager. (Rucchell and Richard, 2002) render (2003) reflects that the Personal Development Planning is the structured, systematic and planned process undertaken by the individ ual to reflect upon their own learn, operation and/or achievement to plan for their personal, educational and c beer development. Thus it commode be said that the main purpose of the Personal Development Plan for the middle manager is to help the middle manager to learn more effectually and efficiently, and to be able to (Mabey and Less, 2007)To learn with a large variety of ways and in the large variety of the contexts gain the own learning of the middle managers and then list evidences for the learning of the managers and the progress which they are making through the learningReview, plan, and bear the responsibility by the middle managers for their own learning development of the skillsIdentify, define and recognize the training, learning development needs of the middle managersDraw upon and use the expanded pool of the personal knowledge by the middle managers in order to achieve the particular career or learning development related goalsIn the context of the organisatio n, the purpose and image of the Personal Development Plan is to enable the organisation to identify, plan and recognize the developmental and suppurateth needs, and then adopting the effective strategies and initiatives in order to make the all people or the workforce having the level of learning development up to the required standards. Thus, the personal development plan in order to the organisation is associated with the learning and development of the whole workforce of the organisation, so that it can precede the maximum for the accomplishment of the strategic and operational objectives of the organisation. (Kellerman, 2010)LeadershipLeadership occurs whenever one persons attempts to influence the port of an individual or group, regardless of the reason. Leadership and management are fulltime responsibilities that must be practiced every hour of everyday. The most effective leadership will be people who use their energies to accomplish desired able to use the leadership s tyle appropriate to that situation.Peter f.drucker pointed out that leaders are the rudimentary and scarcest resources of any business enterprise.According to George R.Terry-leadership is the activity of influencing people to strive willingly for group objective. Acc.to Harold Kountze and Cyrill ODonnell state that-leadership is influencing people to fallow in the achievement of a honey oil good. Leaders must know where they are going if they are to achieve their purpose. Jack Welch, chief executive officer of general electric, stated-the effective leader leads through a vision, a shared set of look upons, and a shared objective.Role of leaderLeaders need to think close how and to what they can manage the development of the capabilities of their organization. Good leader manage themselves as well as other people. They cannot delegate everything. They have get support, advice and assistance from their staff. Good management necessary for good and successful company. So if the sta ff members well trained and qualified there are lots of benefits to the company. The role of the well trained and qualified leader in any organization leases the acceptance of many responsibilities. The responsibilities and duties of leaderLeader has the craft of rising an atmosphere that mends the effectiveness of the workers and employment force. This is complete by, cooperation and inspiration with the staff. For this Leaders demeanor and work force. This is done by, cooperation and originality among the workers. For this Leaders arrange meetings with staff, listening and addressing the troubles of every section and most important the staff by example.Leaders have the extra duty of chalking out the in service financial plan of a business or company. This refers to manipulative how much money was spend and how much money can be spend for given that the services or goods to consumers.Leaders have even more duties when the entire position of work is not fine in the Company. Deal ing with issues like client complaints, delivery delays and worker grievance are element and package of Leaders job. Throughout these situations, Leaders leadership skills are in truth tested. Leaders have to make hard, quick and efficient decisions for serving to run the corporation easily and for solving troubles and preventing them from re-surfacing. Leader is a highly answerable and on the whole essential part, as well as a very commendable location in a company or organization.Leaders objectives are to incur out ways by which the company can become more creative. Successful Leaders require having a well-built wisdom of leadership, along with fast and effective investigative abilities. Another significant feature that businesses seem for in Leader is vast communication skills.The leadership skills-The leadership involves a lot of skills. These include idea about what the business is setting out to achieve aims and objective. These also include organizing, taking decisions, mo nitoring and giving direction in order to lead an organization. Management leading the organization and giving direction to employees. It involves the control of all emblem of resources. Leader need to think about how to communicate with staff to get the exceed results. Business knowledge is also extremely important. If the leader has good knowledge about the business, they provide advice about what is best for its future. The skills involved can be divided into three areasConceptual skills conceptual skills the is the cognitive efficiency to notice the business as a entire and the dealings along with its parts. Conceptual skills involve the leaders idea, knowledge processing and development abilities. Conceptual skills are essential by all leaders but are particularly significant for leaders at the top. They must observe major fundamentals in circumstances and broad, intangible patterns. For example he Software Company of Microsoft reflects the conceptual skills of its founder . The company overall business goals clearly stated and effectively communicated. These also help to contributing to Microsofts leadership status and billion dollar revenues. But the advert capability will be narrow. A senior engineering leader who is held up in scientific matters slightly than ideas deliberately will not do well at the top of the company. Many of the duties of top leaders, such as decision making, resource allocation and innovation, need a broad view.Human skills-Human skills are the leaders capability to work with and throughout other individuals and to work efficiently as a police squad members. This skills is established in the way a leader relate to other workers, including the capability to motivate, make possible, organize, direct, communicate them without fear of ridicule and encourages contribution. The leader with human skills likes other individuals and is liked by them. EBay CEO Meg Whiteman believes her mainly significant link to the organization is c reating a work values and culture to facilitate is fun, open, and trusting. Human skills also important at all levels, and for that person who work with workers directly on a daily basis. organisations commonly misplace good workers because of front-line bosses who fail to show respect and concern for workers. (Sue Shellenbe 2000)Technical skills-Technical skills are accepting of and ability in the act of specific tasks. Technical skills include mastery of the methods, techniques and tools concerned in definite functions such as manufacturing, mechanized or finance. Technical skill also includes specialized information, logical capability and the knowledgeable use of tools and techniques to solve difficulties in that specific regulation.Organization has to stay on their toes and use all their skills and competencies to benefits the organization and its stakeholder-employers, customers, investors, the lodge and so forth. According to Edward Elgar There is music in the air, music a ll around us, said composer.The tune heard most often by todays leaders may be the constant ring of a cell phone tying them to the organization .leaders can become a leader who set the pacing for an organization and lead people in a different kind of performance.Leaders also find the off-key notes, bring people together and thrill them to act in ways that accomplish the organizations vision. Understanding people, communicating, building team work and inspiring others are the essentials of effective organizational leadership. By developing leadership skills in understanding human behaviour, communication, teamwork and motivation, leaders can boost an organizations chance of hitting all the right notes.The benefits of well trained and qualified leaders areMake clear objectives and planOrganize workCommand the people under them by giving instructionsCo-ordinate the resources such as money,people,time for which they are responsibleControl activities and people by measuring and correct ing them to enable performance to fit the plans.The leadership strategy-The leadership strategy should concentrate on what line leaders have to do as leaders in order to play their vital and immediate part in increasing levels of engagement. This will include the implementation of learning programmers that help them to understand how they are expected to act and skills they need to use. The strategy should therefore include the pure tones required to make performance management more effective by increasing the commitment of leaders to it and developing the skills they require.Opportunities for personal growth-A strategy for providing development and growth opportunities should be based on the creation of learning because it is recognized by top management, line leaders and employees generally as an essential organizational process to which they are committed and in which they engage continuously. (Reynolds, 2004 21) the strategy defines the steps required to ensure that people have the opportunity and are given the encouragement to learn and grow in their roles.Opportunities to contribute-Creating a work environment that gives people a voice by encouraging them to have their say, and emphasizes as a core value of the organization that management at all levels must be prepared to listen and respond any contributions their people make.Organization development strategy-Organization development strategy is based on the aspiration to improve organizational capability, which is broadly the capacity of an organization to function effectively in order to achieve desired results. The process of integrated strategic changes as conceived by Worley et al (1996) can be used to formulate and implement organization development strategies. electric shock of encouraging the team welfare on achievement of the objectivesThe team welfare is associated with the welfare of the members of the team. The welfare of the team means the respect, mutual trust, co-operation coordination, and congruence between the team members, which enables the team to accomplish the desired team objectives. The team members when having the effective transfer of the knowledge and communication in between each other practice their tasks with the level of cooperation and congruence, develops the environment for the team favourable, and hence, then the accomplishment of the strategic objectives of the business are well supported with the desired team performance results. (Thornton, 2003)Employee effectivenessEmployees make a major contribution towards the achievements and goals of an organization. Involvement of employees in the decisions of an organization is not its goal but it is important to manage employees so as to make sure that they contribute in an expected manner. There are various ways that help in improvement of employees contribution in decision making like tip systems, continuous meetings, discussions and events and taking corrective action when required. The most sign ificant method to do this is to recognize the efforts of the employees and reward them for those efforts, this motivates them to work hard as he is being praised and recognized for his work.It is impossible that each and every employee of an organization takes part in all the decisions. A change is required in the organization to try and improve employees contribution. Change management is a key to increase employees involvement in decision making. This process involves a few steps Create such a plan which leads in involvement of maximum people.In change management, only a small number of employees have access to important information about change. If only these people make plans of change management, the other employees wont get the time to think about and adopt new ideas.Although it is no possible to involve employees in the change decision of an organization, but they can be involved in the meaningful decisions regarding their work.Measurement systems should be brought in the or ganization which helps the employees to know about their work. Employees should be recognized and rewarded for their extra ordinary work. Organisational BehaviourDecision MakingDecision making in organisation behaviour is very vital and it is one of the most important function for any organisation. Decision making is a process of choosing alternative course of action from different alternatives available and it should be unbroken in mind that the decision made should be effective and efficient for the organisation. According to the Herbert A.simon decision making involve three steps which are mentioned below.Identifying the problem- This step includes the identification of the problem that the organization is facingIdentify and examine the different alternatives available to solve the problem.At last when the problem is identified and the various options are available then the organization decides which alternative to choose and that alternative should be effective for the organiza tion.Conclusion-Being good strategic leaders has knowledge all those skills, they set them together and gaining the best possible results. The skills are not just for use by leaders-they can be used by everyone to improve their chances of success, in whichever type of organization they work. Leaders spend about 80 per cent of their time working with and through other people, assisting their organizations to reach organizational goals effectively and efficiently. Developing interpersonal networks and believing in abilities of subordinates are all ways in which leaders can become more effective leaders.Perhaps the simples and best advice is thatGood leaders sleep well at night-because they have clear consciences after the decisions of each working day.

Financial and Management Accounting: Payroll Services

Financial and Management Accounting applyroll department ServicesFinancial and Management Accounting Case Study Payroll Services1. IMPACT ON THE CHARGE PER TRANSACTIONThe payroll department is incurring a total cost of 590,000 at present. The charge per transaction is 236 (see figure 1 Appendix A) which is the charge applied each time a salary transaction is completed i. e the salary is transfered. If the lump sum is salaried to the staff to switch oer to the monthly payment system, it is forecasted that it will gene rate a saving of 20,000 in Pay Costs while the services and supplies cost argon likely to decrease by 3,000, thereby bringing it down to 98,000. The recalculated total or full cost will be 567,000 per pecuniary year. In the new scenario the charge per transaction is reduced to 226 thereby showing a saving of 10. On analysis of the figurework it will non be advisable to down these workers shifted all over to the monthly payment system as the figures suggest that bulk of the workers atomic number 18 chthonian the monthly payment system. The authority will put up to pay a lump sum of 500,000 to the workers when they shift over to the new system, however in retrspect the cost dished out now will be corned in a very long time because the savings being made by the authority on different facets of the payroll department are not significant enough. Apart from the savings it does represent harmonisation of the company however there are other aspects to be considered. Bulk of the workers are under the monthly payment arrangement and having the weekly workers under that scheme might cause cloudiness in the payroll system. However there are whatsoever finer points to take into consideration. The ending of the weekly wage payment system might have an adverse effect because the workers who are being offered to shift over to the monthly payment system will still be working on weekly radix. The difference only being that their salaries will be gai nful on a monthly basis. Alongside these workers there are other workers who are employed on a monthly basis, they work on a monthly basis and recieve their salaries on a monthly basis. If the authority wants to keep the weekly and the monthly workers apart and not mix up or confusion between the two, it would have to operate two different payroll departments. There would be one department keeping the records of staff working on a weekly basis but all of whom will be paid a monthly salary and the second department within the payroll discussion section to keep record of the staff workingon a monthly basis who in like manner get paid on a monthly basis. Operating two dissolve departments would therefore mean that all the cost associated with the running of the payroll section will be much more than than what they stand at now. The increment in the cost is therefore a mojr factor to consider. Considering this the weekly staff should not be asked to transfer to the monthly system. T he fact that the authority will probably have to run two departments within a department complicates things and in any case increases the cost factor which is what the authority is geared towards saving. The government is also urging all the political science to save on the cost side of things and make the authorities economically more viable. Therefore on the basis of the analysis and considerations it is advisable that the authority should not seek to transfer their weekly staff over to the monthly payment system.2. FINANCIAL APPRAISAL OF OPTION 1 AND 2In this case we are faced with the scenario of two options having different life crosss associated with them. Option 1 has a lifespan of 4 years while Option 2 has a life span of 6 years. Facing this situation we will offer out the financial appraisal on the basis of the equal annual cash flow system whereby the option with the lowest cost will be chosen. The Equal annual cashflow supposes that the cashflows generated as an annui ty. In case of annuities we use the annuity factors rather than the individual one-year tax write-off rates to calculate the present values of the cash flows. Whereas in the equal annual cashflow method the annuity factor is the total of all the yearly factors for the duration of the project and in this case the lifespan of the payroll system being put in place.Equal annual cashflow = present value of costs/annuity factor for N years at R%Therefore for option 1The equal annual cashflow = 916,454/2. 3299 ( Looking at the annuity tables)i. e = 393,345 ( see appendix B for figures)and for Option 2The equal annual cashflow = 1,453,231/2. 7967i. e = 519,623Therefore on the basis of the analysis we will chose the option 1 as it has the lowest equal annual cashflow. There are a few limitations with the calculations involving cashflows and capital costs. These cashflows do not take into account the fluctuation of the enliven rate and assume it to be constant over the lifespan. In isola tion from authority Bs proposal we will chose the first option as it has the scorn equal annual cash flow. It is feasible on the basis of the calculations to select option 1 and put it into practice. Hoewever there are limitations to the equal annual cashflow method. This appears to be a nice idea however in historicality it does not add value to what we can determine from the other methods. The other methods will also yield the same result and therefore adding no extra information for us to make a decision. The equal annual cashflow method can be used alone when other methods yield nothing and this is the last resort for carrying out an financial apprasial. As far as the aritheticinvolvedin this method it is no more complicated that the other methods and is no more advanced than the traditional methods. There are limitations to this methods which leave a lot to be desired. This method ignores the influence of pomposity and fluctuation in the interest rate. However it is possible to overcome these limitations by adjusting for the these factors. The cashflows can be adjusted for inflation and the fluctuating interst rate in the historical world. Firstly a discount rate shoul be selected that is already adjusted for the inflation and includes an allowance for the inflation. Secondly the cashflows can be expressed in literal terms whereby meaning that the anticipated inflation rate can be excluded from the discount rate. In other words the first method provides us with the tokenish cashflows while the second method gives us the real cashflows at a real discount rate. The second method excludes the anticipated inflation rate from the discount rate which follows the prudence concept of accounting where the costs are over estimated and the profits are underestimated so as to avoid disappoinmtment later and to cover for the contigencies.3. reciprocation ON THE PROPOSALAuthority Bs proposal is to transfer As payroll function to B. The cost associated with this 380,000 for the next financial year. Evaluating on the cost basis only the Authority A should go ahead with the transfer because the cost proposed by authority B is less than the cost calculated for authority A which is 393,345 on the equal annual cashflow method. Authority B has also suggested that in fututre if more authorities join in the cost would be lowered increasingly in the following financial years. Based on the calculation and authrotiy Bs proposal the authotiy A its payroll function to authority B. In order to carry out an investment appraisal of the proposal there will be a few items other than the cost. We would need the reduction in the cost collect to the shifting of the payroll. We would also require the reduction in cost due to less staff being employed. Reduction in service and supplies costs. However we would also need to know the cost incurred due to the redundancy of a number of staff due to the payroll being transfered. The knowledge of all these costs would enable us to make a much better informed desicion on whether or not to transfer the payroll to authority B and whether it would be beneficial in the long run. These financial appraisals have a limitation which is that they donot incorporate inflation however inflation can be adjusted for when carrying out the financial appraisal. The net present value can be adjusted by two ways to take inflation into account. Firstly a discount rate can be used which incorporates inflation. secondly the discount rate can exclude the inflation rate and the cash flows acan be expressed in real terms.The transferring of the payroll from one different authorities to a central one might result in too many job losses and redundancies which over again will be against the governments agenda. The government would certainly not like to contribute to unemployment. In this case this can be solved by spreading the unemployment over different authorities and not increasing the burden on one authority or for th at matter a few authorities. The government should also afflict and create more jobs so as to accomodate these redundancies.APPENDICESAPPENDIX AThe cost for operating the payroll section is as followsPayroll costs 216,000Services and Supplies 101,000Accomodation 45,000 nifty Charge228,000Full Cost 590,000The charge to the Budget Holders is590,000/2500 = 236/Transaction. (fig1)The cost for the payroll after paying the Lump sumPayroll Costs 196,000Services and Sipplies 98,000Accomodation 45,000 enceinte charge 228,000Full Cost 567,000The charge now to the Budget Holders is 567,000/2500 = 226/Transaction(fig2)APPENDIX BOPTION1START OF YEAR CAHSFLOWSYRCASHFLOW PV 8%1 830,000 830,0002 33,000 28,2903 36,300 28,8154 39,930 29,349TOTAL 916,454OPTION 2START OF YEAR CAHSFLOWSYRCASHFLOW PV 8%1 1400,000 1400,0002 22,000 20,3693 24,000 20,5754 24,000 19,0515 24,000 17,6406 24,000 16334TOTAL 1,453,231BIBLIOGRAPHYBOOKS1. Mott, G. (1993) Investment assessment2. Pike Neale (2003) Corporate Fi nance Investment3. Drury, C Management and Cost Accounting, 6th edition Thomson (2004)4. Williamson Duncan Cost and Management Accounting (1996) Prentice Hall

Macbeth As A Tragic Character :: essays research papers

In all genres of literature, there are numerous character types one might encounter. Some bring humor or laughable relief to a more serious plot, season others bring both pity and fear to the minds of the audience. A tragic character is one who shows characteristics above normality, while simultaneously giving evidence to the audience concerning his or her tragic flaw that causes the characters life to end in an abnormal state of events. A tragic situation exists precisely when virtue does non triumph but when it is still felt that man is nobler than the forces which destroy him. (George Orwell, Columbia Dictionary of Quotations) In a tragedy the main character rises to greatness, then continues to fall down a shame spiral, which leads to his or her downfall. Throughout his regression from life as a tolerable and moral man, to becoming indifferent to what is fair and what is foul, Macbeth brought both an immense tragic fate onto himself as well as creating tragedy in the lives o f his peers. Macbeth regressed from being a decent, moral man, to someone closely resembling a devil, who could make no distinction between good and evil. Macbeth became so engrossed in himself as well as the prophecies that were laid upon him by the three witches, that he became indifferent to the thoughts and feelings of the people around him, who once considered themselves to be this demons friend. The process of this tragedy was slow to allow the audience become comfortable with the power and happiness of the main character. Then, suddenly, signs appeared, foreshadowing an imminent climax as the main character headed toward his inexorable fate.     As the tamper begins a battle ensues between King Duncan of Scotland and Macdonwald of Norway. Macbeth fights bravely on Scotlands side, killing Macdonwald himself. King Duncan hears of Macbeths brave and noble qualities, crowning him the new Thane of Cawdor. The king states that the old Thane should not device, "... Our bosom interest go pronounce his present death, And with his former title greet Macbeth." (I ii 63-65) Macbeth is hostile to accept the rank, because earlier three witches prophesied that the new battler would become Thane of Cawdor even though there was one at that time. Since Macbeth was crowned Thane of Cawdor, Banquo and Macbeth believe that the three weird sisters are able to correctly tell them their fate.

Woman and Abortion :: essays research papers

Woman and spontaneous abortion has al moods been an issue concerning everyone else except the female who is having the child. Most US citizens today believe that abortion is the wrong way to go, the unborn fetus has no chance at life. It is against the Catholic religion to do this but many people have to do this. Abortions are usually wanted by the teenagers in our society, whether they had made a mistaken and forgot to dampen a condom or just chose not to wear one. This article is stating that our government is going to start testing the mothers who are caring a child. They want to ensure that the rights of the unborn fetuses are upheld. The rights of the deflower should be upheld, and I believe that it will be but I also believe that there are groups that will not agree with this. These groups will protest at this trial to ensure what they wish to happen occurs.The Supreme will decide whether pregnant women can be tested for drugs. If being tested for drugs just kernel taking blood then it would not be harmful towards the unborn fetus. In this case the Supreme Court is deciding whether or not a woman can be given an injection to be tested for a drug. But will this injection hurt the baby, or is it for the good of the baby so that the mother may be given help if she is in fact a drug addict. It was recorded in 1985, in South Carolina, that a hospital in the south would take any measure necessary to make it possible for the unborn fetus has a healthy birth.The unborn fetus should have rights, but how do we know when the unborn child is in danger. We need to use and make laws to ensure that pregnant women in no way possible can harm their babies. Unfortunately this is nearly impossible to accomplish, for it can only be accomplished when the pregnant woman comes into her doctors office for a take care up. When she does come in for a check up, as of now, the doctor can only advise you on what to do. Unless you are tripping over your own feet, or there is som ething visibly wrong with the way you look the doctor can not do anything with out your consent.The hospitals, doctors, and whom ever else there is out there in the world who is out to help you should have more rights than they have now.